Kakhalifahan Rasyidin
Kakhalifahan Rasyidin (bahaso Arab: ٱلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلرَّاشِدَةُ) adolah kakhalifahan patamo nan manggantian Nabi Islam Muhammad. Kota ko diparentah dek ampek khalifah patamo baturuik-turuik sasudah Muhammad maningga pado tahun 632 M. Salamo kabaradoannyo, kakhalifahan ko marupokan kakuatan ekonomi, budaya, jo militer takuaik di Asia Barat jo Afrika Timur Lauik.
Kakhalifahan Rasyidin | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 632–661 | |||||||||||||||
 Wilayah Kakhalifahan Rasyidin dimaso puncaknyo, di bawah khalifah Utsman bin Affan, lk. 654 | |||||||||||||||
| Status | Khilafah | ||||||||||||||
| Ibu kota | Madinah (632–656) Kufah (656–661) | ||||||||||||||
| Bahaso resmi | Arab | ||||||||||||||
| Bahaso nan umum digunokan | Babagai bahaso daerah[1] | ||||||||||||||
| Agamo | Islam | ||||||||||||||
| Pamarintahan | Kakhalifahan | ||||||||||||||
| Khalifah | |||||||||||||||
• 632–634 | Abu Bakar (patamo) | ||||||||||||||
• 634–644 | Umar bin Khattab | ||||||||||||||
• 644–656 | Utsman bin Affan | ||||||||||||||
• 656–661 | Ali bin Abi Thalib (tarakhir) | ||||||||||||||
| Sijarah | |||||||||||||||
| 632 | |||||||||||||||
| 633–654 | |||||||||||||||
• Kanaiakan Umar | 634 | ||||||||||||||
• Pambunuahan Umar jo kanaikan Utsman | 644 | ||||||||||||||
• Pambunuahan Utsman jo kanaikan Ali | 656 | ||||||||||||||
| 661 | |||||||||||||||
• Fitnah Patamo (konflik internal) baakhia sasudah turunnyo Hasan | 661 | ||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||
| 655[2] | 6,400,000 km2 (2,500,000 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||
| Mato uang | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Kakhalifahan ado sasudah kamatian Muhammad pado bulan Juni 632 jo padebatan salanjuiknyo manganai pawarih kapamimpinannyo. Sahabaik dakek Muhammad, Abu Bakar, dari Bani Taim, tapiliah sabagai khalifah patamo di Madinah jo inyo mamulai panakluakan Samananjuang Arab.[3][4][5][6] Pamarentahannyo singkek, baakhia pado bulan Agustus 634 katiko inyo maningga jo digantian dek Umar bin Khattab dari Bani Adi.[7] Di bawah pamarentahan Umar, kakhalifahan bakambang capek nan alun pernah tajadi sabalumnyo, manguasoi labiah dari duo patigo wilayah Kakaisaran Bizantium jo hampia kasadoan wilayah Kakaisaran Sasaniyah. Umar dibunuah pado bulan November tahun 644[8] jo digantian dek Utsman bin Affan, nan dipiliah dek komite nan baanggota anam urang yang diatur dek Umar. Di bawah pamarentahan Utsman, kakhalifahan manyalasaian panakluakan ateh Persia pado tahun 651, jo malanjuikan ekspedisi ka wilayah Bizantium. Salamo maso pamarentahannyo, pambarontakan bangkik, jo inyo dibunuah pado bulan Juni 656.[8][9][10]
Inyo kamudian digantian dek Ali dari Bani Hasyim, nan mamindahan ibu kota ka Kufah. Ali mamimpin parang sudaro nan disabuik Fitnah Patamo karano kakuasaannyo indak diakui dek karabaik Utsman jo gubernur Suriah, Mu'awiyah bin Abu Sufyan, nan picayo bahwa pambunuah Utsman harus segera dihukum. Salain itu, faksi katigo nan dikenal sabagai Khawarij, nan marupokan mantan pandukuang Ali, mambarontak malawan Ali jo Mu'awiyah sasudah manolak manarimo hasia Paparangan Siffin. Parang tu manyababan taguliangnyo Kakhalifahan Rasyidin jo badirinyo Kakhalifahan Umayyah pado tahun 661 dek Mu'awiyah. Paparangan tu manjadi asa mulo papacahan antaro Muslim Sunni jo Syiah, jo Muslim Syiah picayo bahwa Ali adolah khalifah jo Imam patamo nan sah sasudah Muhammad, jo labiah manyukoi hubuangan garih katurunannyo jo Muhammad.[11]
Kakhalifahan Rasyidin ditandoi jo periode ekspansi militer nan pasek salamo duo puluah limo tahun nan diikuik jo periode pasalisiahan internal salamo limo tahun. Tantara Rasyidin bajumlah labiah dari 100.000 urang pado puncaknyo. Pado tahun 650-an, salain Samananjuang Arab, kakhalifahan alah manakluakan Syam hinggo Transkaukasus di utara; Afrika Utara dari Mesir hinggo Tunisia kini ko di barat; jo Dataran Tinggi Iran hinggo Asia Tangah jo Asia Selatan di timur. Kaampek khalifah dipiliah dek sabuah badan pamiliahan ketek - nan tadiri dari anggota takamuko dari para Sahabaik bapangkek tinggi - nan disabauik dewan syuro.[12]
Rujuakan
suntiang- ↑ Versteegh, Kees (2014) (dalam bahaso en). The Arabic Language. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 126–132. ISBN 978-0-7486-4529-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=RiarBgAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Rein Taagepera (September 1997). "Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia". International Studies Quarterly. 41 (3): 495. doi:10.1111/0020-8833.00053. JSTOR 2600793.
- ↑ Azyumardi Azra (2006). Indonesia, Islam, and Democracy: Dynamics in a Global Context. Equinox Publishing (London). p. 9. ISBN 9789799988812.
- ↑ C. T. R. Hewer; Allan Anderson (2006). Understanding Islam: The First Ten Steps (edisi ke-illustrated). Hymns Ancient and Modern Ltd. p. 37. ISBN 9780334040323.
- ↑ Anheier, Helmut K.; Juergensmeyer, Mark, eds (2012). Encyclopedia of Global Studies. Sage Publications. p. 151. ISBN 9781412994224.
- ↑ Claire Alkouatli (2007). Islam (edisi ke-illustrated, annotated). Marshall Cavendish. p. 44. ISBN 9780761421207. https://archive.org/details/islam0000alko.
- ↑ Madelung 1997, hlm. 49.
- ↑ a b شبارو, عصام محمد (1995). First Islamic Arab State (1–41 AH/ 623–661 CE). Arab Renaissance House – Beirut, Lebanon. p. 370.
- ↑ Madelung 1997.
- ↑ Hinds 1972, hlm. 457.
- ↑ Triana, María (2017) (dalam bahaso en). Managing Diversity in Organizations: A Global Perspective. Taylor & Francis. pp. 159. ISBN 9781317423683. https://books.google.com/books?id=VC4lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA159.
- ↑ Bosworth, C.E.; Marín, Manuela; Ayalon, A. (1960–2007). "Shūrā". di dalam Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E. et al.. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. doi:.
Bacoan tambahan
suntiang- Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987), A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period, Cambridge, New York, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-33767-4
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (July 1996). "Arab Attacks on Rhodes in the Pre-Ottoman Period". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 157–164. doi:10.1017/S1356186300007161. JSTOR 25183178.
- Charles, Robert H. (2007). The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. ISBN 9781889758879. https://books.google.com/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC.
- Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674050976. https://books.google.com/books?id=YM8RBAAAQBAJ.
- Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (25 April 2014). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186.
- Frastuti, Melia (2020). "Reformasi Sistem Administrasi Pemerintahan, Penakhlukkan di Darat Dan Dilautan Pada Era Bani Umayyah". Jurnal Kajian Ekonomi Hukum Syariah (dalam bahasa Malay). 6 (2): 119–127. doi:10.37567/shar-e.v6i2.227
. - Hinds, Martin (October 1972). "The Murder of the Caliph Uthman". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 13 (4): 450–469. doi:10.1017/S0020743800025216. JSTOR 162492.
- Hoyland, Robert G. (2015). In God's Path: the Arab Conquests and the Creation of an Islamic Empire. Oxford University Press.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521646960. https://books.google.com/books?id=2QKBUwBUWWkC.
- McHugo, John (2017). A Concise History of Sunnis & Shi'is. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-62-616587-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=ze5aDwAAQBAJ.
- Netton, Ian Richard (2013) (dalam bahaso en). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-17960-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=bYtmAgAAQBAJ.
- Sowerwine, James E. (2010). Caliph and Caliphate. Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199806003.
- Rane, Halim (2010). Islam and Contemporary Civilisation. Academic Monographs. ISBN 9780522857283. https://books.google.com/books?id=iOHb6MCGuVQC.
- "The Byzantine Revival, 780–842": 268.
- "Byzance et les Arabes". 1: 90.
- Weeramantry, Judge Christopher G. (1997). Justice Without Frontiers: Furthering Human Rights. Brill Publishers. ISBN 90-411-0241-8.
- Melchert, Christopher (2020). "The Rightly Guided Caliphs: The Range of Views Preserved in Ḥadīth". di dalam al-Sarhan, Saud. Political Quietism in Islam: Sunni and Shi'i Practice and Thought. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. pp. 63–79. ISBN 978-1-83860-765-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=96TDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA63.