Ralph Abernathy
Ralph David Abernathy Sr. (lahia di Linden, Alabama, 11 Maret 1926 – maningga di Atlanta, 17 April 1990 pado umua 64 taun) adolah surang pandeta dan aktivis Amerika Sarikat.
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| Biografi | |
|---|---|
| Lahia | 11 Maret 1926  Linden |
| Kamatian | 17 April 1990 (64 tahun (id)  )Atlanta |
| Tampek dimakamkan | Pandam Pakuburan Lincoln |
| Kalompok etnis | Afrika-Amerika |
| Agamo | Gareja Baptis |
| Almamater | Universitas Alabama State . Matematika (–1948) Universitas Clark Atlanta . sosiologi (–1951) |
| Kagiatan | |
| Karajo | Pambela hak-hak sipil, pandeta, politikus, ahli teologi jo aktivis hak asasi manusia |
| Partai politik | Partai Demokrat |
| Kaluarga | |
| Pasangan hiduik | Juanita Abernathy |
| Anak | Donzaleigh Abernathy Ralph David Abernathy III |
 | |
Kaidupan awal
suntiangAbernathy lahia di Alabama.[1][2] Ayahnyo, William, adolah urang kulik hitam partamo nan mandapek hak piliah di Marengo County, Alabama. Kutiko Parang Dunia Kaduo pacah, Abernathy bagabuang ka Angkatan Darat, dan mancapia pangkek sersan.[3][4] Inyo kudian kuliah di Alabama State manggunoan bantuan dari G.I. Bill; inyo lulus subagai sarjana matematika pado tahun 1950.[5]
Kutiko masih kuliah, Abernathy manjadi pendeta Baptis. Salapeh wisuda, inyo manjadi penyiar radio di Montgomery, Alabama. Inyo kudian pindah ka Atlanta untuak kuliah pascasarjana di Universitas Atlanta dan mandapek gala M.A. dalam bidang sosiologi pado tahun 1951.[6] Abernathy mamutuihan untuak tetap di bidang akademik dan manjadi kapalo asrama putra di Alabama State. Inyo juo manjadi pastor senior di First Baptist Church, Montgomery.[7]
Aktivisme
suntiangAbernathy partamo kali batamu Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. pado tahun 1954.[8] Inyo mulai bakarajo samo jo Dr. King salapeh ditangkoknyo Rosa Parks di Montgomery pado bulan Desember 1955.[9][10] Abernathy mangorganisir boikot bus di Montgomery, nan barasia mamaso Mahkamah Aguang lewat kasus Browder v. Gayle untuak manyatoan baso segregasi rasial di bus batantangan jo Konstitusi.[11].[12]
Abernathy ikuik mandirian Southern Christian Leadership Conference pado bulan Januari 1957; inyo tapiliah manjadi sekretaris jo bendahara.[13]Sajak itu, Abernathy manjadi rekan utamo King dalam gerakan hak-hak sipil; kaduonyo ditangkok basamo-samo sabanyak 17 kali dan mamimpin gerakan di Montgomery, Albany, jo Selma.[14][15]
Abernathy barado di kamar hotel King di Lorraine Motel, Memphis pado kutiko King dibunuah pado 4 April 1968.[16] Inyo manaruihan karajo King subagai Presiden SCLC; pado bulan Mei 1968, Abernathy mamimpin Poor People's Campaign di Washington D.C.[17] Inyo batugas subagai Presiden SCLC inggo maunduaan diri pado tahun 1977.
Salapeh garakan hak sipil
suntiangPado tahun 1989, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, autobiografi Abernathy, ditabikkan.[18] Inyo maningga di Atlanta pado 17 April 1990.[19]
Rujuakan
suntiang- ↑ "Ralph Abernathy: King's Right Hand Man". Legacy.com. March 11, 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 2, 2015. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ "Abernathy, Ralph David". The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. Stanford University. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ "Ralph Abernathy Biography". Advameg, Inc. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 2, 2015. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ Banks, Adelle (January 19, 2015). "Rev. Ralph Abernathy: Martin Luther King Jr.'s Overlooked 'Civil Rights Twin'". Huffington Post. Religion News Service. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 18, 2015. Teks " accessdate5 Mai 2020 " akan diabaikan (bantuan);
- ↑ Klotter, James (2005). The Human Tradition in the New South. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 176. ISBN 1461600960. https://books.google.com/books?id=nzlEdUaG_xkC&lpg=PA177&ots=61LvhMba4z&dq=%22ralph%20david%20abernathy%20jr%22&pg=PA177#v=onepage&q=%22ralph%20david%20abernathy%20jr%22&f=false.
- ↑ Williams, Kenneth (February 2000). "American National Biography Online: Abernathy, Ralph David". American National Biography Online. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 5, 2015. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ "Ralph Abernathy". WGBH. PBS. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 17, 2015. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ "Ralph D. Abernathy Biography". A&E Television Networks, LLC. Bio. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 12, 2015. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ Hoiberg, Dale H., ed (2010). "Abernathy, Ralph David". Encyclopædia Britannica. I: A-ak Bayes (edisi ke-15th). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.. pp. 29. ISBN 978-1-59339-837-8. https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency/page/29.
- ↑ Brock, Peter; Young, Nigel (1999). Pacifism in the Twentieth Century. New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 232. ISBN 0-8156-8125-9.
- ↑ "Leaflet, "Don't Ride the Bus"". The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. Stanford University. December 2, 1955. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 2, 2015. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ "50th Anniversary of Montgomery Bus Boycott". Democracy Now. December 1, 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 13, 2015. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ Southern Leaders Conference on Transportation and Non-violent Integration (January 11, 1957). A Statement to the South and Nation. Siaran pers. Diakses pado 5 Mai 2020. Archived April 2, 2015, di Wayback Machine. "archive copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 2, 2015. Diakses tanggal May 5, 2020.
- ↑ "Ralph David Abernathy". Encyclopedia of Alabama. 14 Maret 2007. http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1110. Diakses pado 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ "Assistant Attorney General Thomas E. Perez Speaks at the All People's Program Honoring the Freedom Riders". The United States Department of Justice. May 24, 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 13, 2014. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ "Findings on MLK Assassination". National Archives (dalam bahasa Inggris). August 15, 2016. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 3, 2017. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ "Poor People's Campaign: A Dream Unfulfilled". NPR.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 8, 2018. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ Kunen, James; Sanderson, Jane; Nugent, Tom; Velez, Elizabeth (October 30, 1989). "A Bitter Battle Erupts Over the Last Hours of Martin Luther King". People Magazine. Time Inc. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 20, 2015. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
- ↑ "Ralph David Abernathy, Rights Pioneer, Is Dead at 64". New York Times. April 18, 1990. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 31, 2010. Diakses tanggal 5 Mai 2020.
The Rev. Ralph David Abernathy, a pioneer leader in the civil rights struggle who was one of the most trusted confidants of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, died yesterday at the Crawford W. Long Hospital of Emory University in Atlanta. He was 64 years old.
Sumber bacaan
suntiang- Kirkland, W. Michael (April 27, 2004). "Ralph Abernathy (1926-1990)". The New Georgia Encyclopedia. Athens, GA: Georgia Humanities Council. OCLC 54400935. http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-2736&sug=y. Diakses pado 5 Mai 2020. Archived June 18, 2013, di Wayback Machine.
- Abernathy, Ralph (1989). And the Walls Came Tumbling Down. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-016192-2. https://archive.org/details/andwallscametumb00aber.
- Garrow, David: The Walking city: the Montgomery Bus Boycott, 1955-1956; Carlson; 1989; ISBN 0-926019-03-1
Pautan lua
suntiang| Wikimedia Commons mampunyoi media nan bahubuangan jo Ralph David Abernathy |
- Abernathy Panampilan di C-SPAN
- Ralph Abernathy article, Encyclopedia of Alabama Archived 2013-10-31 di Wayback Machine.
- Ralph Abernathy Biography, The Civil Rights Struggle, African American GIs, and Germany
- The Jack Rabin Collection on Alabama Civil Rights and Southern Activists includes video, pictures and materials of Dr. Abernathy during the Selma to Montgomery March
- Ralph Abernathy on the WGBH series The Ten O'Clock News.
- FBI file on Ralph Abernathy
- Ralph Abernathy on Night Call program in 1968