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Panyakik koronavirus 2019

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Panyakik koronavirus 2019 atau tanamo jo COVID-19 (Inggirih: Coronavirus disease-2019) adolah panyakik dan disababkan dek virus SARS-CoV-2.[9] Panyakik ko partamo kali dikataui di Wuhan, Cino, pado Desember 2019, nan kudian bakambang manjadi pandemi.[10][11] Inggo 11 Juni 2020, dilaporkan alah ado 7,36 juta kasus di labiah dari 188 nagara jo teritori, sarato 416.000 kamatian. Ado 3,45 juta urang nan dilaporkan alah cegak.[8]

Panyakik koronavirus 2019 (COVID-19)
Namo lain
  • Koronavirus
  • Korona
  • COVID
  • 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease
  • Novel coronavirus pneumonia[1]
  • Severe pneumonia with novel pathogens[2]
Gejala COVID-19
Palafalan
SpesialisasiPanyakik infeksi
GejalaDamam, batuak, latiah, sasak angok, ilang sensasi raso; kadang-kadang indak bagejala[4][5][6]
KomplikasiPneumonia, sepsis, Sindrom distres panapasan akut, gagal ginja, cytokine release syndrome
Awitan2–14 ari (biasonyo 5) sajak tainfeksi
PanyababSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
Faktor risikoPai raun, paparan virus
DiagnosisUji rRT-PCR, CT scan
PanagahanCuci tangan, manutuik wajah, karantina, pambatasan jarak fisik[7]
ParawatanSymptomatic and supportive
Frekuensi154.788.122[8] confirmed cases
Kamatian3.237.808 (2% of confirmed cases)[8]

Virus nan manjadi panyabab panyakik ko taseba malalui kontak arek,[lower-alpha 1] paliang acok dek titiak liua (small droplets) nan dihasilkan dek batuak, basin, bahkan babicaro.[6][12][13] Virus lansuang tajatuah basamo titiak liau tadi, bukan malayang lamo di udaro. Virus dapek batahan dalam tubuah urang inggo mamunculan gejala dalam duo inggo 14 ari sajak partamo kali tapajan.[5][14] Paliang mamindah dalam tigo ari partamo sasudah gejala muncua dan tatap juo bakamungkinan bapindah sabalun muncua gejala atau bahkan pado urang nan indak manunjuakkan gejala samo sakali.[6][12]

Gejala umum dari panyakik ko antaro lain damam, batuak, latiah, sasak angok, sarato ilang kamampuan maidu jo maraso.[5][6][15] Banyak kasus tajumpoi dalam kondisi gejala ringan, tapi adopulo nan alah bakambang manjadi gejala barek cando sindrom distres respirasi akut, kagagalan banyak organ, syok sepsis, inggo pambakuan darah.[16][17][18]

Panagakan diagonosis nan marupokan baku ameh (gold standard) adolah malalui uji real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) dari sampel lendir nan didapek dari usap nasofaring (tabuang angok balakang iduang).[19] Pamindaian tomografi komputer (CT-Scan) dado dapek dilakukan untuak manunjang diagnosis pado urang barisiko tinggi tapajan. Walau baitu, pamindaian tasabuik indak disarankan sacaro rutin.[20][21] Upayo nan dapek dilakukan untuak maambek pamindahan panyakik ko adolah jo mancuci tangan, manjago jarak kontak jo urang lain, karantina atau isolasi diri, manutuik muluik katiko batuak, sarato manjago tangan dari manganai muko. Pamakaian masker kain disarankan untuak pamakaian umum di antaro urang nan sihaik atau indak bagejala. Samantaro pado urang nan manunjuakan gejala atau tanago medis, mamakai masker bedah atau masker medis lainnyo untuak maambek pamindahan sarato palinduangan diri.[7][22][23][24][25][26]

Sajauah ko WHO manyatokan baso alun ado ubek jo vaksin nan spesifik pado panyakik ko.[6] Pananganan panyakik dilakukan jo maubek gejala, parawatan pandukuang (suportif), isolasi, sarato uji cubo ubek.[27] Panyakik ko diumumkan sabagai pandemi global dek WHO pado 11 Maret 2020.[10] Inggo kini, pamindahan panyakik sacaro lokal alah tajadi di ampia sadoalah nagara di dunia.[28]

Tando jo gejala

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Gejala paliang umum dari COVID-19 adolah badan mandamam. Tampilan damam pado tiok urang dapek babeda-beda, bahkan indak mandamam samo sakali.[29][30] Walau baitu, katiko urang indak mandamam alun tantu inyo talapeh dari panyakik ko.[31]

Gejala COVID-19[4]
Gejala Jumlah kasus
Damam 83–99%
Batuak 59–82%
Ilang salero makan 40–84%
Latiah 44–70%
Sasak angok 31–40%
Batuak badahak 28–33%
Sakik otot jo pasandian 11–35%

Gejala lain nan muncua adolah bautak, ilang salero makan, latiah, sasak angok, badahak banyak, sarato sakik otot atau pasandian.[32][5][33] Gejala cando mual, muntah, atau paruik mancoro dapek pulo muncua di sabagian ketek urang. Gejala lain nan labiah jarang di antoronyo basin, iduang basalemo, padiah di tabuang angok, atau kalainan kulik.[34][35][36] Pado babarapo kasus di Cino bahkan ado nan muncua sakik dado jo dado badabok-dabok sabagai gejala partamonyo.[37][38] Bakurangnyo kamampuan maidu jo maraso dapek pulo muncua.[15][39][40][37]

Sarupo jo panyakik mamindah lainnyo, ado tenggang wakatu antaro masuaknyo virus inggo muncuanyo gejala. Hal iko disabuik sabagai maso inkubasi. Maso inkubasi biasonyo balansuang antaro limo atau anam ari.[6][41] Walau baitu, dapek pulo muncua dalam rantang sahari inggo ampek baleh ari. Pado 10% kasus dapek muncua dalam wakatu nan labiah lamo.[42][43]

Panyakik ko dapek pulo indak mamunculkan gejala samo sakali. Dek WHO, urang nan alah tamasuak virus dalam tubuahnyo, tapi indak mamunculkan gejala disabuik sabagai asimtomatik. Walau indak bagejala, urang nan asimtomatik dapek pulo manularan panyakik.[44][45][46]

Diagnosis

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Usap nasofaring (tabuang angok balakang iduang) untuak pareso COVID-19
 
Alaik pareso COVID-19 jo uji rRT-PCR dari CDC.[47]

WHO alah mampublikasikan protokol pamaresoan untuak panyakik ko.[48] Pamaresoan standar yaitu jo uji rRT-PCR.[49] Pamaresoan ko dilakukan jo maambiak sampel lendir dari nasofaring atau tabuang angok balakang iduang. Kok indak bisa, buliah jo dahak atau lendir dari iduang.[49][19][50] Hasia didapek dalam babarapo jam inggo duo ari.[51][52] Panaliti dari Cino nan alah mandapek mandapek strain virusnyo mambagikannyo ka banyak laboratorium di banyak nagara supayo dapek mamareso surang.[11][53][54] Pamaresoan lainnyo bisa jo sampel darah, tapi paralu duo kali ambiak jo rantang wakatu duo pakan.[55]

Panaliti dari Universitas Wuhan juo manyarankan untuak malakukan pamaresoan darah langkok samantaro pado kondisi indak bisa dilakukan pamaresoan COVID-19. Pasien nan kamungkinan tainfeksi mampunyoi gejala demam, pneumonia, hasia darah putiah nan normal atau randah, sarato ituang limfosit nan randah.[56]

Salain jo pamaresoan laboratorium, dapek pulo ditunjang jo pamindaian tomografi komputer (CT-Scan) dado. Namun, pamindaian ko indak disarankan rutin.[20][21] Pado pasien jo COVID-19 mampunyoi gambaran karuah kaco pado banyak lobus di kedua paru (bilateral multilobar ground-glass opacities) jo distribusi perifer, asimetris, inggo ka posterior, nan umum pado infeksi awal.[20] Pado kondisi panyakik nan samakin progresif, tampak dominasi subpleural, crazy paving (septum lobular manaba jo pangisian alveolar variabel), sarato konsolidasi (pamadekan).[20][57]

Pado akhia 2019, WHO manambah kode ICD-10 untuak panyakik ko dalam kategori darurat jo kode U07.1 kamatian dek infeksi SARS-CoV-2 takonfirmasi laboratorium jo U07.2 untuak kamatian manuruik diagnosis klinis COVID‑19 tanpa konfirmasi laboratorium tainfeksi SARS-CoV-2.[58]

 
Hasia pindaian tomografi komputer (CT-Scan) dado
 
Hasia pado fase progresif

Komplikasi

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Pasien COVID-19 dapek maalami komplikasi cando pneumonia, sindrom distres panapasan akut, kagagalan banyak organ, syok sepsis, inggo kamatian.[11][16][59][60] Komplikasi jantuang jo pambuluah darah dapek pulo muncua cando gagal jantuang, aritmia (gangguan irama jantuang), paradangan jantuang, inggo pambakuan darah.[61] Ado 20-30% pasien nan takanai COVID-19 manunjuakan karusakan liver.[62][63] Salain itu, kalainan saraf cando kajang, stroke, radang utak, inggo sindrom Guillan–Barre (kailangan fungsi motorik saraf).[64]

Pancegahan

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Untuak mancegah jo mangurangi kamungkinan infeksi disaranan tetap barado di rumah, mailak poi-poi jo ba'aktivitas di tampek urang rami, acok mancuci tangan jo sabun jo aia salamo 20 detik, indak mamacik mato, hiduang, atau muluik jo tangan nan indak dicuci, sarato mampraktikkan higiene pernapasan nan elok.[65][66] CDC marekomendasian untuak manutuik muluik jo hiduang mangunoan tisu katiko batuak atau basin jo mangunoan bagian dalam siku jikok indak tasadio tisu.[65] Inyo juo marekomendasian higiene tangan nan tapek sasudah batuak atau basin.[65] Strategi pambatasan fisik diparaluan untuak mangurangi kontak antaro urang nan alah tainfeksi jo karumunan gadang jo caro manutuik sakolah dan kantua, mambatasi pajalanan, jo mambatalan patamuan gadang .[67] Perilaku pambatasan fisik juo maliputi manjago jarak dengan urang lain sajauh 6 kaki (sekitar 1,8 meter).[68]

Karano vaksin untuak SARS-CoV-2 baru tasadio paliang capek 2021,[69] hal pantiang dalam pananganan pandemi panyakik koronavirus 2019 adola manakan laju panyabaran virus atau nan dikenal jo sabuikan malandai'an kurva pandemi.[70] Hal iko dapek manurunan risiko tanago medis kawalahan dalam manghadapi lonjakan jumlah pasien, mamungkinan parawatan nan labiah elok untuak pandarito, jo ma'agiah wakatu tambahan hinggo ubek jo vaksin dapek tasadio dan siap digunoan.[70]

Badasa WHO, panggunoan masker hanyo direkomendasian untuak urang nan sadang batuan atau basin atau nan sadang manangani pasien taduga.[71] Disisi lain, babarapo nagori marekomendasian individu sehat untuak mamakai masker, tautamo Cino,[72] Hong Kong, jo Thailand.

Hal-hal nan pantiang untuak mancegah panyakik ko antaro lain tetap barado di rumah, kecuali untuak mandapekan parawatan di rumah sakik; mangunoan masker; manutuik muluik jo tisu katiko batuak jo basin; rutin mancuci tangan jo sabun dan aia; sarato mahindari babagai alaik rumah tanggo pribadi.[73][74] CDC juo marekomendasian untuak mancuci tangan minimal 20 datiak sasudah baliak dari toiet, katiko tangan bakarek, sabalum makan, jo sasudah batuak atau basin. Tambahan rekomendasi barikuiknyo adola mangunoan penyanitasi tangan dengan kanduangan alkohol minimal 60% jikok indak tasadio sabun jo aia.[75] WHO manyaranan supayo mahindari mamacik mato,hiduang, atau muluik jo tangan nan alum dicuci.[76] Maludah di sumbarang tampek indak buliah.[77]

Panamoan

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Pado 11 Februari 2020, WHO mangumuman bahwasanyo "Covid-19" manjadi namo rasmi dari panyakik ko. Direktur WHO, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, mangatoan co iolah singkekan dari "corona" (korona), vi untuak "virus", d untuak "disease" (panyakik), jo "19" untuak taun partamo kali diidentifikasi (2019). Tedros mangatoan bahwasanyo namo tasabuik dipiliah untuak ma'ilak'an referensi ka lokasi geografis tatantu, spesies hewan atau kalompok urang. Sasuai jo rekomendasi internasional untuak panamoan dalam mancegah stigmatisasi.[78]

Indak sarupo WHO nan mangunoan huruf kapital sadoalahnyo (COVID-19), Kamus Gadang Bahaso Indonesia manyabuiknyo sabagai akronim jo tunduak pado katantuan panulisan akronim, yaitu indak mamakai huruf gadang kasadoalahnyo.[79]

Sejarah

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Virus panyobab Covid-19 diyakini sacaro alami dari binatang yaitu kaluwang malalui infeksi spillover dan manyeba ka manusia malalui parantaro satwa liar.[80] Filogenetika mampakiroan bahwa SARS-CoV-2 muncua pado bulan Oktober atau November 2019.[81][82]

Sabuah studi tahadok 41 kasus partamo Covid-19 nan alah dikonfirmasi, malaporan tanggal paliang awal timbuanyo gajalo pado 1 Desember 2019. Tajadinyo infeksi manusia partamo dilaporan di Wuhan, Hube, Cino.[83] WHO sabagai Organisasi Kasehatan Dunia mampublikasian palaporan timbuanyo gajalo paliang awal tajadi pado tanggal 8 Desember 2019.[84] Panularan dari manusia ka manusia alah dikonfirmasi dek WHO jo otoritas Cino pado 20 Januari 2020.[85]

Manuruik sumber resmi Cino, kasus-kasus awal sabagian gadang takaik jo Pasar Grosir Makanan Laut Huanan, nan juo manjua binatang hiduik.[86] Sampel binatang nan dikumpuan dari pasa makanan lauik alah dites dek Pusat Pangendalian dan Pancegahan Panyakik Amerika Serikat manunjuakan hasil negatif. Dari hasil virus partamo namun bukan tampek asa virus itu.[87] Salain tuh, pado tanggal 18 Desember 2019 bukti lain ditamuan. Alah ditamuan jejak virus nan ado pado sampel limbah di kota Mila jo Turin, Italia.[88]

Catatan kaki

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  1. ↑ Kontak arek diaratikan jo jarak fisik satu meter (~3,3 kaki) manuruik WHO[6] dan ~1,8 meter (anam kaki) manuruik CDC.[12]

Rujuakan

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  1. ↑ Han X, Cao Y, Jiang N, Chen Y, Alwalid O, Zhang X, et al. (March 2020). "Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) Progression Course in 17 Discharged Patients: Comparison of Clinical and Thin-Section CT Features During Recovery". Clinical Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa271  . PMC 7184369  . PMID 32227091. 
  2. ↑ "Special Act for Prevention, Relief and Revitalization Measures for Severe Pneumonia with Novel Pathogens - Article Content - Laws & Regulations Database of The Republic of China". law.moj.gov.tw. Diakses tanggal 10 May 2020. 
  3. ↑ "Covid-19, n". Oxford English Dictionary. Diakses tanggal 15 April 2020. 
  4. ↑ a b "Interim Clinical Guidance for Management of Patients with Confirmed Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 6 April 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 19 April 2020. 
  5. ↑ a b c d "Symptoms of Coronavirus". U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 20 March 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 30 January 2020. 
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g "Q&A on coronaviruses (COVID-19)". World Health Organization. 17 April 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 May 2020. Diakses tanggal 14 May 2020. 
  7. ↑ a b Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Chapman A, Persad E, Klerings I, et al. (April 2020). "Quarantine alone or in combination with other public health measures to control COVID-19: a rapid review". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 4: CD013574. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013574. PMC 7141753  . PMID 32267544. 
  8. ↑ a b c "COVID-19 Dashboard by the Center for Systems Science and Engineering (CSSE) at Johns Hopkins University (JHU)". ArcGIS. Johns Hopkins University. Diakses tanggal 6 May 2021. 
  9. ↑ Gorbalenya, Alexander E. (11 Februari 2020). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus – The species and its viruses, a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group". bioRxiv (dalam bahasa Inggris): 2020.02.07.937862. doi:10.1101/2020.02.07.937862. 
  10. ↑ a b (11 March 2020). WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. Siaran pers.
  11. ↑ a b c Hui DS, I Azhar E, Madani TA, Ntoumi F, Kock R, Dar O, et al. (February 2020). "The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—The latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China". International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 91: 264–266. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009  . PMC 7128332  . PMID 31953166. 
  12. ↑ a b c "How COVID-19 Spreads". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2 April 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 3 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 3 April 2020. 
  13. ↑ "Q & A on COVID-19". European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Diakses tanggal 30 April 2020. 
  14. ↑ Velavan TP, Meyer CG (March 2020). "The COVID-19 epidemic". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 25 (3): 278–280. doi:10.1111/tmi.13383  . PMC 7169770  . PMID 32052514. 
  15. ↑ a b Hopkins C. "Loss of sense of smell as marker of COVID-19 infection" (PDF). Ear, Nose and Throat surgery body of United Kingdom. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 May 2020. Diakses tanggal 28 March 2020. 
  16. ↑ a b Murthy S, Gomersall CD, Fowler RA (March 2020). "Care for Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19". JAMA. 323 (15): 1499. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.3633  . PMID 32159735. 
  17. ↑ "Features, Evaluation and Treatment Coronavirus (COVID-19)". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2 Desember 2020. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554776/. Diakses pado 18 Maret 2020. 
  18. ↑ Bikdeli B, Madhavan MV, Jimenez D, Chuich T, Dreyfus I, Driggin E, et al. (April 2020). "COVID-19 and Thrombotic or Thromboembolic Disease: Implications for Prevention, Antithrombotic Therapy, and Follow-up". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.04.031. PMC 7164881  . PMID 32311448. 
  19. ↑ a b "Interim Guidelines for Collecting, Handling, and Testing Clinical Specimens from Persons for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 11 February 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 4 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 26 March 2020. 
  20. ↑ a b c d Salehi S, Abedi A, Balakrishnan S, Gholamrezanezhad A (March 2020). "Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Systematic Review of Imaging Findings in 919 Patients". AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology: 1–7. doi:10.2214/AJR.20.23034  . PMID 32174129. 
  21. ↑ a b "ACR Recommendations for the use of Chest Radiography and Computed Tomography (CT) for Suspected COVID-19 Infection". American College of Radiology. 22 March 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 March 2020. 
  22. ↑ "Advice for public". World Health Organization (WHO). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 January 2020. Diakses tanggal 25 February 2020. 
  23. ↑ "Guidance on social distancing for everyone in the UK". GOV.UK. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 24 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 25 March 2020. 
  24. ↑ "Recommendations for Cloth Face Covers". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (dalam bahasa Inggris). 3 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 3 June 2020. 
  25. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (5 April 2020). "What to Do if You Are Sick". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 February 2020. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2020. 
  26. ↑ "When and how to use masks". World Health Organization (WHO). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 March 2020. Diakses tanggal 24 April 2020. 
  27. ↑ "How to Protect Yourself & Others". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 8 April 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 26 February 2020. Diakses tanggal 9 April 2020. 
  28. ↑ "WHO Situation Report #87" (PDF). World Health Organization (WHO). 16 April 2020. 
  29. ↑ Tu H, Tu S, Gao S, Shao A, Sheng J (April 2020). "Current epidemiological and clinical features of COVID-19; a global perspective from China". The Journal of Infection. doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.04.011  . PMC 7166041  . PMID 32315723. 
  30. ↑ Chavez S, Long B, Koyfman A, Liang SY (March 2020). "Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): A primer for emergency physicians". The American Journal of Emergency Medicine. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2020.03.036  . PMC 7102516  . PMID 32265065. 
  31. ↑ Guan, Wei-jie; Ni, Zheng-yi; Hu, Yu; Liang, Wen-hua; Ou, Chun-quan; He, Jian-xing; Liu, Lei; Shan, Hong; Lei, Chun-liang; Hui, David S.C.; Du, Bin; Li, Lan-juan; Zeng, Guang; Yuen, Kwok-Yung; Chen, Ru-chong; Tang, Chun-li; Wang, Tao; Chen, Ping-yan; Xiang, Jie; Li, Shi-yue; Wang, Jin-lin; Liang, Zi-jing; Peng, Yi-xiang; Wei, Li; Liu, Yong; Hu, Ya-hua; Peng, Peng; Wang, Jian-ming; Liu, Ji-yang; Chen, Zhong; Li, Gang; Zheng, Zhi-jian; Qiu, Shao-qin; Luo, Jie; Ye, Chang-jiang; Zhu, Shao-yong; Zhong, Nan-shan (2020-04-30). "Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China". New England Journal of Medicine. Massachusetts Medical Society. 382 (18): 1708–1720. doi:10.1056/nejmoa2002032. ISSN 0028-4793. 
  32. ↑ Hessen MT (27 January 2020). "Novel Coronavirus Information Center: Expert guidance and commentary". Elsevier Connect. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 30 January 2020. Diakses tanggal 31 January 2020. 
  33. ↑ Han X, Cao Y, Jiang N, Chen Y, Alwalid O, Zhang X, et al. (March 2020). "Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (COVID-19) Progression Course in 17 Discharged Patients: Comparison of Clinical and Thin-Section CT Features During Recovery". Clinical Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa271  . PMC 7184369  . PMID 32227091. 
  34. ↑ Lai CC, Shih TP, Ko WC, Tang HJ, Hsueh PR (March 2020). "Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): The epidemic and the challenges". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 55 (3): 105924. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105924. PMC 7127800  . PMID 32081636. 
  35. ↑ Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) (PDF) (Laporan). World Health Organization (WHO). 16–24 February 2020. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 29 February 2020. Diakses tanggal 21 March 2020. 
  36. ↑ Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. (February 2020). "Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China". Lancet. 395 (10223): 497–506. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5  . PMC 7159299  . PMID 31986264. 
  37. ↑ a b "Symptoms of Coronavirus". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 27 April 2020. Diakses tanggal 28 April 2020. 
  38. ↑ Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X (May 2020). "COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system". Nature Reviews. Cardiology. 17 (5): 259–260. doi:10.1038/s41569-020-0360-5  . PMC 7095524  . PMID 32139904. 
  39. ↑ Iacobucci G (March 2020). "Sixty seconds on ... anosmia". BMJ. 368: m1202. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1202  . PMID 32209546. 
  40. ↑ Xydakis MS, Dehgani-Mobaraki P, Holbrook EH, Geisthoff UW, Bauer C, Hautefort C, et al. (April 2020). "Smell and taste dysfunction in patients with COVID-19". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30293-0. PMC 7159875  . PMID 32304629. 
  41. ↑ World Health Organization (19 February 2020). "Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 29". World Health Organization. hdl:10665/331118  . 
  42. ↑ Rapid Expert Consultation Update on SARS-CoV-2 Surface Stability and Incubation for the COVID-19 Pandemic. 27 Maret 2020. doi:10.17226/25763. ISBN 978-0-309-67610-6. https://www.nap.edu/read/25763/chapter/1. Diakses pado 18 Mai 2020. 
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