Sungai Chao Phraya
Sungai Chao Phraya (/ˌtʃaʊ prəˈjɑː/ ; bahaso Thai: แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา RTGS: Maenam Chao Phraya, diucapkan [mɛ̂ːnáːm tɕâːw pʰráʔjaː] atau [tɕâːw pʰrajaː][1]) adolah sungai gadang di Thailand,[2] nan endapannyo mambantuak dataran randah di wilayah tangah nagara ko. Sungai ko maalia malalui Bangkok dalam pajalanan manuju ka Taluak Thailand.
| Chao Phraya (แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา) | |
 Asa aliaran Sungai Chao Phraya di Nakhon Sawan
| |
| Nagara | Thailand |
|---|---|
| Anak sungai | |
| - kida | Sungai Pa Sak |
| - suok | Sungai Sakae Krang |
| Kota | Bangkok |
| Ulu | Patamuan Sungai Ping jo Sungai Nan |
| - elevation | 25 m (82 ft) |
| Muaro | |
| - katinggian | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 372 km (231 mi) |
| Basin | 160.400 km2 (61.931 sq mi) |
| Discharge | for Nakhon Sawan |
| - average | 718 m3/s (25.356 cu ft/s) |
| - max | 5.960 m3/s (210.475 cu ft/s) |
 Peta daerah aliaran sungai Chao Phraya
| |
Etimologi
suntiangSungai ko disabuik dalam peta-peta kuno Eropa jo namo Menam atau Mae Nam (Thai: แม่น้ำ), baso Thai untuak "batang aia". James McCarthy, F.R.G.S., nan manjabaik sabagai Direktur-Jenderal Survei Pamarentah Siam sabalun didirikannyo Departemen Survei Karajaan, manulih dalam catatannyo, "Me Nam adolah namo umum, me manandoan "mande" jo Nam "aia," sabuikan Chao P'ia manandoan baso iko adolah batang aia utamo di Karajaan Siam."[2]
H. Warington Smyth, nan manjabaik sabagai Direktur Departemen Patambangan Siam antaro 1891 inggo 1896,[3] marujuak batang aia ko pado bukunyo nan tabik patamo kali taun 1898 jo namo "Me Nam Chao Phraya".[4]
Dalam media babahaso Inggirih di Thailand, namo Sungai Chao Phraya acok ditajamahan sabagai batang aia rajo-rajo.[5]
Rekayasa sungai
suntiang
Daerah ilia Chao Phraya lah mangalami babarapo parubahan buatan manusia salamo maso Ayutthaya. Babarapo u jalua pendek dibangun untuak maminteh kelok-kelok sungai ko, untuak mampacapek pajalanan dari ibu kota manuju lauik. Aliaran sungai ko alah barubah sajak tu maikuik ka jalua-jalua pinteh tu.
- Pado 1538, rekayasa sungai patamo Thailand mambuek jalua panjang 3 km (2 mi) digali ateh parentah Rajo Chairachathirat. Jalua ko dipanggia "khlong lat", kini ko adolah Khlong Bangkok Noi. Jalua ko mampapedek pajalanan kapa-kapa sajauh 13–14 km dari Taluak Siam ka ibu kota maso tu, Ayutthaya.[6]
- Pado 1542, jalua sapanjang duo kilometer, "khlong lat Bangkok", salasai dibangun. Kini ko disabuik Khlong Bangkok Yai. Jalua tu disabuik lah mampapendek pajalanan sungai sajauah 14 km (9 mi).[6]
- Pado 1608, jalua "Khlong Bang Phrao" sapanjang tujuah kilometere salasai dibuek jo mampapendek pajalanan sungai Chao Phraya sajauah 18 km (11 mi).[6]
- Pado 1636, jalua "khlong lat mueang Nonthaburi" salasai dibuek.[6]
- Pado 1722, jalua "khlong lat Kret Noi" sapanjang duo kilomenter mampapendek pajalanan sungai Chao Phraya sajauah 7 km (4 mi). Iko adolah jalua pajalanan dari pulau Ko Kret.[6]
Ekologi
suntiang
Dataran randah daerah aliaran sungai Chao Phraya di Thailand tangah alah ditatapan sabagai rimbo rawo aia tawa Chao Phraya, suatu kawasan ekologi rimbo tropis jo subtrobpis basah badaun leba,[7] nan maliputi area sapanjang 400 km (249 mi) utara ka selatan, jo leba 180 km (112 mi).
Rimbo rawo asalinyo ampia saluruahnyo ilang dek dataran ko lah diubah manjadi pasawahan, ladang-ladang, sarato daerah urban sarupo Bangkok. Sabagian gadang ewan lia nan panah maunyi dataran tu lah mailang, tamasuak sajumalah gadang ikan pado sistim sungai, buruang-buruang sarupo buruang bangkai, pecuk-ula asia (Anhinga melanogaster), buruang layang-layang (Pseudochelidon sirintarae), buruang bangau (Grus antigone)[8] sarato binantang sarupo arimau, gajah asia, badak jawa, jo rusa Schomburgk nan banyak diburu.[9]
Caliak pulo
suntiangRujuakan
suntiang- ↑ Pangucapan
- ↑ a b McCarthy, James Fitzroy (2005-07-13) [1900]. "Chapter VI. From Bangkok to Korat – Elephants". Surveying and exploring in Siam. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street. p. 21. OCLC 5272849. http://ebooks.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/pageviewer-idx?c=sea&cc=sea&idno=sea108&q1=tai&node=sea108%3A23&view=image&seq=37&size=100. Diakses pado 8 Pebruari 2012. "The Me Nam Chao P'ia is a magnificent river."[pranala nonaktif]
- ↑ Tamara Loos (1 December 2002). "Introduction to Five Years in Siam". 1994 reprint. Pine Tree Web. Diakses tanggal 1 March 2011.
At the time of writing the "Introduction" to the 1994 reprint of Five Years in Siam, she was a PhD candidate in the Department of History at Cornell University.
- ↑ Smyth, H. Warington (1994) [1898]. "I. The river and port of Bangkok". Five Years in Siam : from 1891–1896. Bangkok: White Lotus. ISBN 974-8495-98-1. http://www.pinetreeweb.com/hw-smyth-five-years-01.htm. Diakses pado 1 Maret 2011.
- ↑ "The River of Kings II : City of Angels". Thai Stories. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 12 June 2019. Diakses tanggal 3 March 2011.
"The River of Kings II – City of Angels", a light and sound musical
- ↑ a b c d e Steve Van Beek: The Chao Phya, p.39
- ↑ "Chao Phraya freshwater swamp forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
- ↑ Madoc, G. 1950. Field Notes on some Siamese Birds. Bull. Raffles Mus. 23: 129–190.
- ↑ IUCN 1991. The Conservation Atlas of Tropical Forests: Asia and the Pacific. London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press Ltd.
Bacoan lanjutan
suntiang- Bangkok Waterways, William Warren and R. Ian Lloyd, Asia Books, ISBN 981-00-1011-7.
Pautan lua
suntiang| Wikimedia Commons mampunyoi media nan bahubuangan jo Chao Phraya River |
- Video Guide to the Chao Phraya River Archived 2012-07-24 di Wayback Machine.
- Chao Phraya River Express
- UNESCO World Water Assessment Program on the Chao Phraya
- Chao Phraya Delta Research and Reference Site
- Bangkok Chao Phraya River Boat Trip a self-guided boat trip on Bangkok's Chao Phraya river.
Koordinat: 13°32′25″N 100°35′23″E / 13.54028°N 100.58972°E