Filsafat

Filsafat atau diijo juo pilsapaik (dari kato Yunani φιλοσοφία, filosofia, aratinyo "cinto ka hikmat" ) adolah ilimu nan mangkaji patanyoan-patanyoan soal eksistensi, panalaran, nilai-nilai luhua, aka budi, jo bahaso. Istilah iko kamungkinan partamo kali disabuik dek Pythagoras (c. 570--495 SM). Metode nan dipakai dalam filsafat antaro lain batanyo, diskusi kritis, dialektik, jo presentasi sistematik. Patanyoan filosofis klasik antaro lain: Apokah mamungkinkan untuak mangataui sagalo macam sarato mambuktikannyo? Apo nan paliang nyato? Filsuf-filsuf juo mampatanyokan nan labiah praktis jo konkret sarupo: Apokah ado caro paliang rancak untuak iduik? Apokah labiah rancak manjadi adia atau indak adia (kok saurang bisa lapeh baitu sajo)? Apokah manusia mampunyoi kandak lapeh?

Perguruan Athena (1509-1511) karya Raffaello, manampilkan filsuf-filsuf Yunani tanamo pado latar ruangan indah nan tainspirasi karya-karya arsitektur Yunani Saisuak

Sacaro historis, filsafat mancakuik inti dari sagalo pangatauan. Dari zaman filsuf Yunani Saisuak cando Aristoteles inggo abaik ka-19, filsafat alam malingkuangi astronomi, kadokteran, jo fisika. Misanyo, Prinsip Matematika Filosofi Alam karya Newton pado taun 1687 di kudian ari diklasifikasikan sabagai buku fisika. Pado abaik ka-19, pakambangan riset universitas modern maantakan filsafat akademik jo disiplin lain nan alah takhususkan. Pado maso kini, babarapo investigasi nan sacaro tradisional marupokan bagian dari filsafat alah manjadi disiplin akademik nan tapisah, babarapo diantaronyo psikologi, sosiologi, linguistik, jo ekonomi.

Sajak abaik ka-20, filsuf profesional bakontribusi pado masyarakaik utamonyo sabagai profesor, panaliti, jo panulih. Namun, banyak dari urang-urang tasabuik nan baraja filsafat dalam program sarjana atau pascasarjana bajariah dalam bidang hukum, jurnalisme, politik, agamo, sains, bisnis dan babagai kagiatan seni jo hiburan.

Bibliografi

• Adamson, Peter; Ganeri, Jonardon (2020). Classical Indian Philosophy. A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps. 5. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-885176-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=NCbTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA101. Diakses pado 30 Juni 2023. 
• Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-49469-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=iFMiAwAAQBAJ. Diakses pado 7 Juni 2023. 
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• Adamson, Peter (2022). Byzantine and Renaissance Philosophy. A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps. 6. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-266992-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=UmlbEAAAQBAJ. Diakses pado 25 Mai 2023. 
• Adamson, Peter (2019). Medieval Philosophy. A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps. 4. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-884240-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=hverDwAAQBAJ. Diakses pado 25 Mai 2023. 
• Adamson, Peter (2016). Philosophy in the Islamic World. A History of Philosophy Without Any Gaps. 3. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-957749-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=KEpRDAAAQBAJ. Diakses pado 25 Mai 2023. 
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• Chamankhah, Leila (2019). The Conceptualization of Guardianship in Iranian Intellectual History (1800–1989): Reading Ibn ʿArabī's Theory of Wilāya in the Shīʿa World. Springer Nature. ISBN 978-3-030-22692-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=2GGtDwAAQBAJ. Diakses pado 9 Juni 2023. 
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• Colman, Andrew M. (2009a). "Declarative Knowledge". A Dictionary of Psychology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-953406-7. https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095705926;jsessionid=A19D30BFCF6E02A0F21A87B805F10DEE. Diakses pado 16 April 2023. 
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• Cropper, Carol Marie (1997). "Philosophers Find the Degree Pays Off in Life and in Work". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 28 January 2017. Diakses tanggal 2 May 2016. 
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• Dalal, Neil (2021). "Śaṅkara". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shankara/. Diakses pado 19 Juni 2023. 
• Daly, Christopher (2015). "Introduction and Historical Overview". The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophical Methods. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1–30. doi:10.1057/9781137344557_1. ISBN 978-1-137-34455-7. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137344557_1. Diakses pado 18 April 2022. 
• Daly, Christopher (2010). "Introduction". An Introduction to Philosophical Methods. Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-934-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=wilaDwAAQBAJ. Diakses pado 7 Juni 2022. 
• Daniels, Norman (2020). "Reflective Equilibrium". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reflective-equilibrium/. Diakses pado 28 Pebruari 2022. 
• Davis, Bret W. (2022). "The Kyoto School". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kyoto-school/. Diakses pado 7 Nopember 2023. 
• Defoort, Carine; Standaert, Nicolas (2013). The Mozi as an Evolving Text: Different Voices in Early Chinese Thought. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-23434-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=Vdl0smlDVtEC. Diakses pado 21 Juni 2023. 
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• "Chinese Philosophy". Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 Nopember 2017. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-philosophy. Diakses pado 12 Juni 2023. 
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