Migrasi Indo-Eropa
Migrasi Indo-Eropa adolah migrasi (bapindahnyo panduduak) dari babagai kalompok pagubalo babahaso Proto-Indo-Eropa, nan bapindah dari wilayah Yamnaya jo stepa Pontus–Kaspia nan bakaik sacaro budayo sajak kiro-kiro taun 4000 SM. Kalompok-kalompok tu manyeba ka saluruah Eropa jo Asia, sarato mambantuak budayo baru basamo babagai kalompok budayo nan ditamui dalam papindahan tu, antaro lain jo kalompok budaya Tambika Batando Tali di Eropa Utara jo kalompok budaya Weda di India.
Pangatauan moderen manganai migrasi iko diparoleh badasa data linguistik, arkeologi, antropologi jo genetika. Ilimu linguistik manjalehan pasamoan antaro babagai bahaso, sarato aturan linguistik nan balaku dalam parubahan bahaso-bahaso itu. Data arkeologi manjalehan panyebaran dari bahaso jo budaya Proto-Indo Eropa dalam babarapo tahapan, dari wilayah asa Eurasia masarakaik Proto-Indo-Eropa di stepa Pontus–Kaspia, inggo ka Eropa Baraik sarato Asia Tangah jo Salatan,[2][3] malalui babagai migrasi, nan disaratoi juo parubahan bahaso akibaik masuaknyo kalompok elit tatentu dalam masarakaik, sarupo nan dijalehan dalam panalitian antropologi.[2] Panalitian genetik mutakhir samakin gadang paranannyo dalam mamahami ba'a ubuangan maso lalu antaro babagai budayo itu.
Bahaso dan budayo Indo-Eropa taseba dalam baberapo tahapan. Migrasi awa pado lk. 4200-3000 SM mambao budayo Proto-Indo-Eropa kuno ka dataran randah lambah Donau,[2] Anatolia,[2][4][web 1] jo wilayah Altai.[5] Budaya Pra-Keltik jo Pra-Italia kamungkinan taseba ka Eropa satalah muncuanyo galombang migrasi-migrasi salanjuiknyo ka Lambah Donau,[6][2] sadang budayo Pra-Jermanik jo Pra-Balto-Slavia bakambang di sabalah timur pagunuangan Carpathia, iyolah wilayah Ukraina saaik iko,[2] kamudian bagarak ka utara dan taseba basamo budaya Tambika Batando Tali di Eropa Tangah (yaitu pado milenium katigo SM).[6][2][web 2][7][web 3][web 4]
Bahasa jo budayo Indo-Iran nan muncua pado budayo Sintashta (lk. 2100-1800 SM) di sabalah timur dari bateh budayo Yamna jo budayo Tambika Batando Tali,[2] kamudian tumbuah manjadi budayo Andronovo (lk. 1800-800 SM). Masarakaik Indo-Arya lalu bapindah ka Kompleks Arkeologi Baktria–Margiana (lk. 2300-1700 SM) jo taseba inggo ka Levant (Mitanni), India utara (masarakaik Weda, lk. 1500 SM), jo Cino (Wusun).[3] Bahaso-bahaso Iran tarseba di saluruah stepa malalui bangso Skitia, jo ka Iran malalui bangso-bangso Media, Partia jo Persia sajak lk. 800 SM.[3]
Rujuakan suntiang
- ↑ Beckwith 2009, hlm. 30.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Anthony 2007.
- ↑ a b c Beckwith 2009.
- ↑ Parpola 2015.
- ↑ Mallory & Adams 1997.
- ↑ a b Mallory 1999.
- ↑ Haak 2015.
Situs web suntiang
- ↑ "Anatolian languages". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Diakses tanggal 1 May 2016.
- ↑ Baldia, Maximilian O. (2006). "The Corded Ware/Single Grave Culture". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2002-01-31.
- ↑ "A massive migration from the steppe brought Indo-European languages to Europe". Max Planck Gesellschaft.
- ↑ Ewen Callaway (12 February 2015). "European languages linked to migration from the east. Large ancient-DNA study uncovers population that moved westwards 4,500 years ago". Nature.
Sumber suntiang
- Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World. Princeton University Press.
- Beckwith, Christopher I. (16 March 2009). Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton University Press. ISBN 1-4008-2994-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ue8BxLEMt4C. Diakses pado 30 Desember 2014.
- Haak, Wolfgang (2015), "Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe", Nature, 522: 207–211, arXiv:1502.02783
, Bibcode:2015Natur.522..207H, doi:10.1038/nature14317, PMC 5048219 , PMID 25731166 - Mallory, J.P. (1999), In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth (edisi ke-reprint), London: Thames & Hudson, ISBN 0-500-27616-1
- Mallory, J.P.; Adams, D.Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis.
- Parpola, Asko (1998). "Aryan Languages, Archaeological Cultures, and Sinkiang: Where Did Proto-Iranian Come into Being and How Did It Spread?". di dalam Mair. The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age Peoples of Eastern and Central Asia. Washington, D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man. ISBN 0-941694-63-1.
