Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, FRS FRGS [1] (/ˈdɑrwɪn/;[2] 12 Februari 1809 – 19 April 1882) adolah surang naturalis jo ahli geologi Inggirih,[3] paliang tanamo untuak kontribusinyo kapado teori evolusi.[I] Baliau manatapkan baso sadoalah spesies dari kahidupan alah diturunkan dari wakatu ka wakatu dari niniak muyang basamo,[4] dan dalam publikasi basamo jo Alfred Russel Wallace mangenalkan teori ilmiah baso pola pacabangan evolusi dihasiakan dari sabuah proses nan liau sabuik seleksi alam, di ma pajuangan untuak eksistensi mampunyoi efek nan samo jo seleksi buatan nan talibaik dalam pamuliaan selektif.[5]
Darwin manabikan teori evolusi jo bukti kuek dalam buku taun 1859 nyo On the Origin of Species, maatasi panulakan ilmiah dari konsep awa dari transmutasi spesies.[6][7] Pado taun 1870-an, komunitas ilmiah dan banyak dari masyarakaik umum manarimo evolusi sabagai fakta. Namun, banyak nan manyukoi panjalehan nan manantang dan itu indak diakui sampai muncuanyo sintesis evolusi modern dari taun 1930-an sampai ka 1950-an baso konsensus nan laewh dikambangan di ma seleksi alam adolah mekanisme dasa evolusi.[8][9] Dalam bantuak nan dimodifikasi, panamuan ilmiah Darwin adolah teori pamasatu ilimu kahidupan, manjalehan karagaman kahidupan.[10][11]
Minaik awa Darwin di alam mambueknyo maabaikan pandidikan kadokteran di Universitas Edinburgh; sabaliaknyo, liau mambantu untuak mangkaji invertebrata lauik. Studi di Universitas Cambridge (Christ's College) mandorong sumangek untuak ilimu alam.[12] Palayanan limo taunnyo mengukuahannyo sabagai ahli geologi takamuko nan observasi jo teorinyo mandukuang ide uniformitarian Charles Lyell, dan publikasi jurnal tantang palayaran tu mambueknyo tanamo subagai panulih populer.[13]
Binguang jo distribusi geografis binatang lia jo fosil nan liau kumpuaan dalam palayaran, Darwin mamulai pangkajian rinci pado taun 1838 sarato manyusun teorinyo tantang seleksi alam.[14] Walaupun liau mambahas ide-idenyo jo naturalis-naturalis lainnyo, liau butuah wakatu untuak panalitian dan karajo geologinyo pun manjadi prioritas juo.[15] Liau manulis teorinyo pado taun 1858 katiko Alfred Russel Wallace mangirimnyo esai nan manggambaran ide nan samo, mandorong sagiro publikasi basamo dari kaduo teorinyo.[16] Karya Darwin mandirian panurunan jo modifikasi evolusioner sabagai panjalehan ilmiah nan dominan dari diversifikasi di alam.[8] Pado taun 1871, liau mamareso evolusi manusia jo seleksi alam dalam The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex, diikuti dek The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. Panalitiannyo pado tanaman ditabikan dalam sarangkaian buku, dan dalam buku trakhianyo, liau mamareso cacing tanah dan efeknyo pado tanah.[17]
Darwin manjadi tanamo sacaro internasional sasudah digambaran sabagai salah satu tokoh paliang bapangaruah dalam sijarah manusia,[18] dan kaunggulannyo sabagai ilmuwan dihoromati jo pamakaman di Westminster Abbey.[19]
Rujuakan suntiang
- ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag
<ref>indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamofrs - ↑ "Darwin" entry in Collins English Dictionary, HarperCollins Publishers, 1998.
- ↑ Desmond, Moore & Browne 2004
- ↑ Coyne, Jerry A. (2009). Why Evolution is True. Viking. pp. 8–11. ISBN 978-0-670-02053-9.
- ↑ Larson 2004, pp. 79–111
- ↑ Coyne, Jerry A. (2009). Why Evolution is True. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN 0-19-923084-6. "In The Origin, Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development, diversification, and design of life. Much of that book presents evidence that not only supports evolution, but at the same time refutes creationism. In Darwin's day, the evidence for his theories was compelling, but not completely decisive."
- ↑ Glass, Bentley (1959). Forerunners of Darwin. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. iv. ISBN 0-8018-0222-9. "Darwin's solution is a magnificent synthesis of evidence...a synthesis...compelling in honesty and comprehensiveness"
- ↑ a b van Wyhe 2008
- ↑ Bowler 2003, pp. 178–179, 338, 347
- ↑ The Complete Works of Darwin Online – Biography. darwin-online.org.uk. Retrieved 2006-12-15
Dobzhansky 1973 - ↑ As Darwinian scholar Joseph Carroll of the University of Missouri–St. Louis puts it in his introduction to a modern reprint of Darwin's work: "The Origin of Species has special claims on our attention. It is one of the two or three most significant works of all time—one of those works that fundamentally and permanently alter our vision of the world...It is argued with a singularly rigorous consistency but it is also eloquent, imaginatively evocative, and rhetorically compelling." Carroll, Joseph, ed (2003). On the origin of species by means of natural selection. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview. p. 15. ISBN 1-55111-337-6.
- ↑ Leff 2000, About Charles Darwin
- ↑ Desmond & Moore 1991, pp. 210, 284–285
- ↑ Desmond & Moore 1991, pp. 263–274
- ↑ van Wyhe 2007, pp. 184, 187
- ↑ Beddall, B. G. (1968). "Wallace, Darwin, and the Theory of Natural Selection" (PDF). Journal of the History of Biology. 1 (2): 261–323. doi:10.1007/BF00351923. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-10-30. Diakses tanggal 2019-07-03.
- ↑ Freeman 1977
- ↑ "Special feature: Darwin 200". New Scientist. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2011.
- ↑ Leff 2000, Darwin's Burial
van Wyhe 2008b, pp. 60–61