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Ralph Abernathy

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Ralph David Abernathy Sr. (lahia di Linden, Alabama, 11 Maret 1926 – maningga di Atlanta, 17 April 1990 pado umua 64 taun) adolah surang pandeta dan aktivis Amerika Sarikat.

Ralph Abernathy

Abernathy lahia di Alabama.[1][2] Ayahnyo, William, adolah urang kulik hitam partamo nan mandapek hak piliah di Marengo County, Alabama. Kutiko Parang Dunia Kaduo pacah, Abernathy bagabuang ka Angkatan Darat, dan mancapia pangkek sersan.[3][4] Inyo kudian kuliah di Alabama State manggunoan bantuan dari G.I. Bill; inyo lulus subagai sarjana matematika pado tahun 1950.[5]

Kutiko masih kuliah, Abernathy manjadi pendeta Baptis. Salapeh wisuda, inyo manjadi penyiar radio di Montgomery, Alabama. Inyo kudian pindah ka Atlanta untuak kuliah pascasarjana di Universitas Atlanta dan mandapek gala M.A. dalam bidang sosiologi pado tahun 1951.[6] Abernathy mamutuihan untuak tetap di bidang akademik dan manjadi kapalo asrama putra di Alabama State. Inyo juo manjadi pastor senior di First Baptist Church, Montgomery.[7]

Abernathy partamo kali batamu Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. pado tahun 1954.[8] Inyo mulai bakarajo samo jo Dr. King salapeh ditangkoknyo Rosa Parks di Montgomery pado bulan Desember 1955.[9][10] Abernathy mangorganisir boikot bus di Montgomery, nan barasia mamaso Mahkamah Aguang lewat kasus Browder v. Gayle untuak manyatoan baso segregasi rasial di bus batantangan jo Konstitusi.[11].[12]

Abernathy ikuik mandirian Southern Christian Leadership Conference pado bulan Januari 1957; inyo tapiliah manjadi sekretaris jo bendahara.[13]Sajak itu, Abernathy manjadi rekan utamo King dalam gerakan hak-hak sipil; kaduonyo ditangkok basamo-samo sabanyak 17 kali dan mamimpin gerakan di Montgomery, Albany, jo Selma.[14][15]

Abernathy barado di kamar hotel King di Lorraine Motel, Memphis pado kutiko King dibunuah pado 4 April 1968.[16] Inyo manaruihan karajo King subagai Presiden SCLC; pado bulan Mei 1968, Abernathy mamimpin Poor People's Campaign di Washington D.C.[17] Inyo batugas subagai Presiden SCLC inggo maunduaan diri pado tahun 1977.

Pado tahun 1989, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down, autobiografi Abernathy, ditabikkan.[18] Inyo maningga di Atlanta pado 17 April 1990.[19]

Rujuakan

  1. ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag <ref> indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamo legacy
  2. ↑ "Abernathy, Ralph David". The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. Stanford University. Diakses tanggal December 3, 2019. 
  3. ↑ "Ralph Abernathy Biography". Advameg, Inc. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 2, 2015. Diakses tanggal March 13, 2015. 
  4. ↑ Banks, Adelle (January 19, 2015). "Rev. Ralph Abernathy: Martin Luther King Jr.'s Overlooked 'Civil Rights Twin'". Huffington Post. Religion News Service. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 18, 2015. Diakses tanggal March 12, 2015. 
  5. ↑ Klotter, James (2005). The Human Tradition in the New South. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 176. ISBN 1461600960. https://books.google.com/books?id=nzlEdUaG_xkC&lpg=PA177&ots=61LvhMba4z&dq=%22ralph%20david%20abernathy%20jr%22&pg=PA177#v=onepage&q=%22ralph%20david%20abernathy%20jr%22&f=false. 
  6. ↑ Williams, Kenneth (February 2000). "American National Biography Online: Abernathy, Ralph David". American National Biography Online. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 5, 2015. Diakses tanggal March 14, 2015. 
  7. ↑ "Ralph Abernathy". WGBH. PBS. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 17, 2015. Diakses tanggal March 13, 2015. 
  8. ↑ "Ralph D. Abernathy Biography". A&E Television Networks, LLC. Bio. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 12, 2015. Diakses tanggal March 13, 2015. 
  9. ↑ Kutipan rusak: Tag <ref> indak sah; indak ado teks untuak ref banamo EB
  10. ↑ Brock, Peter; Young, Nigel (1999). Pacifism in the Twentieth Century. New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 232. ISBN 0-8156-8125-9. 
  11. ↑ "Leaflet, "Don't Ride the Bus"". The Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute. Stanford University. December 2, 1955. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 2, 2015. Diakses tanggal March 15, 2015. 
  12. ↑ "50th Anniversary of Montgomery Bus Boycott". Democracy Now. December 1, 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 13, 2015. Diakses tanggal March 15, 2015. 
  13. ↑ Southern Leaders Conference on Transportation and Non-violent Integration (January 11, 1957). A Statement to the South and Nation. Siaran pers. Diakses pado March 17, 2015.
  14. ↑ "Ralph David Abernathy". Encyclopedia of Alabama. 14 Maret 2007. http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1110. Diakses pado 17 Maret 2015. 
  15. ↑ "Assistant Attorney General Thomas E. Perez Speaks at the All People's Program Honoring the Freedom Riders". The United States Department of Justice. May 24, 2011. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 13, 2014. Diakses tanggal March 17, 2015. 
  16. ↑ "Findings on MLK Assassination". National Archives (dalam bahasa Inggris). August 15, 2016. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 3, 2017. Diakses tanggal February 17, 2018. 
  17. ↑ "Poor People's Campaign: A Dream Unfulfilled". NPR.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 8, 2018. Diakses tanggal February 17, 2018. 
  18. ↑ Kunen, James; Sanderson, Jane; Nugent, Tom; Velez, Elizabeth (October 30, 1989). "A Bitter Battle Erupts Over the Last Hours of Martin Luther King". People Magazine. Time Inc. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 20, 2015. Diakses tanggal March 21, 2015. 
  19. ↑ "Ralph David Abernathy, Rights Pioneer, Is Dead at 64". New York Times. April 18, 1990. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 31, 2010. Diakses tanggal August 1, 2010. The Rev. Ralph David Abernathy, a pioneer leader in the civil rights struggle who was one of the most trusted confidants of the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, died yesterday at the Crawford W. Long Hospital of Emory University in Atlanta. He was 64 years old. 

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