Pabedaan antaro revisi dari "Rafflesia arnoldii"
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''Rafflesia arnoldii'' ({{lang-id|padma raksasa}}) di [[Indonesia]] tamasuak ciek dari tigo bungo nasional. Duo bungo lainnyo yaitu bungo [[malua]] (malati) jo [[anggrek bulan]].<ref name="asean">{{cite web|url=http://www.aseansec.org/18203.htm|title=ASEAN National Flowers|publisher=ASEAN secretariat|accessdate=May 8, 2011}}</ref> Sacaro resmi dianggap sabagai bungo langka nasional (''puspa langka'' nasional) manuruik Keputusan Presiden No. 4 tahun 1993.<ref>[http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf Keputusan Presiden No. 4 Tahun 1993] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402234237/http://www.proxsis.com/perundangan/LH/doc/uu/F00-1993-00004.pdf|date=2012-04-02}}</ref>
== Sijarah ==
Urang Eropa partamo nan manamukan ''Rafflesia'' adolah panjalajah Parancih nan banamo Louis Auguste Deschamps. Pado maso itu, inyo malakukan panalitian ka Asia dan ditahan dek pihak Balando salamo tigo taun di Jawa, 1797, dan mangumpuakan spesimen nan kini dikatahui sabagai ''[[Rafflesia patma]]''. Salamo palayaran baliak di taun 1798, kapanyo diambiak Inggirih sainggo sadoalah panalitianyo disita dek pihak Inggirih. Panalitiannyo dinyatokan ilang, dan akhianyo ditamukan pado taun 1954 di Museum Sijarah Alam Britania (''British Museum of Natural History''). Kajadian ko mambuek raso curiga di kalangan paniliti ka pihak Inggirih nan dianggap manyambunyikan panalitian Deschamps sabagai klaim kabarasilan nagarinyo surang.<ref name="Meijer1997">{{cite book|last=Willem|first=Meijer|author-link=Willem Meijer|date=1997|chapter=Rafflesiaceae|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28737001|title=Flora Malesiana|url=https://floramalesiana.org/new/|volume=13|location=Leiden|publisher=[[Hortus Botanicus Leiden]], under auspices of Foundation [[Flora Malesiana]]|page=18|isbn=90-71236-33-1}}</ref><ref name="Mabberley1999">{{cite journal|last=Mabberley|first=David John|author-link=David Mabberley|date=1999|title=Robert Brown on ''Rafflesia''|url=https://repository.naturalis.nl/pub/525222/BLUM1999044002003.pdf|journal=Blumea|volume=44|issue=2|pages=343–350|issn=2212-1676|access-date=28 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/131749421/rupanya-thomas-raffles-bukanlah-penemu-rafflesia-lantas-siapakah-penemu-sebenarnya?page=all|title=Rupanya Thomas Raffles Bukanlah Penemu Rafflesia. Lantas Siapakah Penemu Sebenarnya? - Semua Halaman - National Geographic|website=nationalgeographic.grid.id|language=id|access-date=2021-01-23}}</ref>
Pado 1818, ahli badah Inggirih, Joseph Arnold mangumpulkan spesimen Rafflesia spesies lain nan sangkek tu diamukan dek palayan Malayunyo di
In 1818<ref name="OriginalKew2">{{cite web|url=https://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Rafflesia-arnoldii.htm|title=''Rafflesia arnoldii'' (corpse flower)|date=2011|website=Plants & Fungi (blog)|publisher=[[Kew Botanical Gardens]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220014520/https://www.kew.org/plants-fungi/Rafflesia-arnoldii.htm|archive-date=2014-02-20|access-date=29 October 2020|quote=note: unverified errata info possibly from Mabberley (1985)|author=<!--Not stated-->}}</ref> the British surgeon [[:en:Joseph_Arnold|Joseph Arnold]] collected a specimen of another ''Rafflesia'' species found by a Malay servant in a part of Sumatra, then a British colony called [[:en:British_Bencoolen|British Bencoolen]] (now [[:en:Bengkulu|Bengkulu]]), during an expedition run by the recently appointed [[:en:Lieutenant-Governor_of_Bencoolen|Lieutenant-Governor of Bencoolen]], [[:en:Stamford_Raffles|Stamford Raffles]].<ref name="Keng1978">{{cite book|last=Keng|first=Hsuan|date=1978|title=Orders and Families of Malayan Seed Plants|edition=revised|location=Singapore|publisher=Singapore University Press (original published by University of Malaya Press 1969)|page=106}}</ref> Arnold contracted a fever and died soon after the discovery, the preserved material being sent to Banks. Banks passed on the materials,<ref name="OriginalKew2" /> and the honour to study them was given to [[:en:Robert_Brown_(botanist,_born_1773)|Robert Brown]]. The [[:en:British_Museum|British Museum]]'s resident botanical artist [[:en:Franz_Bauer|Franz Bauer]] was commissioned to make illustrations of the new plants. Brown eventually gave a speech before the June 1820 meeting of the [[:en:Linnean_Society_of_London|Linnean Society of London]], where he first introduced the genus and its until then two species.<ref name="Mabberley1999" /> Brown gave the [[:en:Generic_epithet|generic name]] ''Rafflesia'' in honour of Raffles.<ref name="OriginalKew2" /> Bauer completing his pictures some time in mid-1821, but the actual article on the subject continued to languish.<ref name="Mabberley1999" />
[[:en:William_Jack_(botanist)|William Jack]], Arnold's successor in the Sumatran Bencoolen colony, recollected the plant and was the first to officially [[:en:Species_description|describe the new species]] under the name ''R. titan'' in 1820. It is thought quite likely that Jack rushed the name to publication because he feared that the French might publish what they knew of the species, and thus rob the British of potential 'glory'.<ref name="Meijer1997" /> Apparently aware of Jack's work, Brown finally had the article published in the ''Transactions of the Linnean Society'' a year later, formally introducing the name ''R. arnoldii''<ref name="Mabberley1999" /> (he ignores Jack's work in his article).
[[File:Rafflesia.jpg|pra=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rafflesia.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Specimen of ''Rafflesia arnoldii'' at the [[:en:Kyoto_Botanical_Garden|Kyoto Botanical Garden]]]]
Because Jack's name has [[:en:Principle_of_priority|priority]], ''R. arnoldii'' should technically be a synonym of ''R. titan'', but at least in Britain, it was common at the time to recognize the names introduced by well-regarded scientists such as Brown, over what should taxonomically be the correct name. This was pointed out by the Dutch ''Rafflesia'' expert [[:en:Willem_Meijer|Willem Meijer]] in his [[:en:Monograph|monographic]] addition to the book series ''[[:en:Flora_Malesiana|Flora Malesiana]]'' in 1997. Instead of sinking ''R. arnoldii'' into synonymy, however, he declared that the name ''R. titan'' was "incompletely known": the plant material used by Jack to describe the plant has been lost.<ref name="Meijer1997" />
In 1999 the British botanical historian [[:en:David_Mabberley|David Mabberley]], in response to Meijer's findings, attempted to rescue Brown's names from synonymy. This is known as '[[:en:Conserved_name|conservation]]' in taxonomy, and normally this requires making a formal proposal to the committee of the [[:en:International_Code_of_Botanical_Nomenclature|International Code of Botanical Nomenclature]] (ICBN). Mabberley thought he found a loophole around such a formal review by noting that while Brown was notoriously slow to get his papers published, he often had a handful of pre-print pages privately printed to exchange with other botanists: one of these pre-prints had been recently bought by the [[:en:Hortus_Botanicus_Leiden|Hortus Botanicus Leiden]], and it was dated April 1821. Mabberley thus proposed that this document be considered the official ''effective publication'', stating this would invalidate Jack's earlier name. For some reason Mabberley uses 1821, a few months after Brown's pre-print, as the date of Jack's publication, instead of the 1820 publication date in Singapore.<ref name="Mabberley1999" /> Confusingly, the record in the [[:en:International_Plant_Names_Index|International Plant Names Index]] (IPNI) still has yet another date, "1823?", as it was in the ''[[:en:Index_Kewensis|Index Kewensis]]'' before Meijer's 1997 work.<ref name="Meijer1997" /> Mabberley's proposals regarding Brown's name were accepted by institutions, such as the ''Index Kewensis''.
Mabberley also pointed out that the genus ''Rafflesia'' was thus first validated by an anonymous report on the meeting published in the ''Annals of Philosophy'' in September 1820 (the name was technically an unpublished ''[[:en:Nomen_nudum|nomen nudum]]'' until this publication). Mabberley claimed the author was [[:en:Samuel_Frederick_Gray|Samuel Frederick Gray]].<ref name="Mabberley1999" /> However, as that is nowhere stated in the ''Annals'', per Article 46.8 of the code of ICBN, Mabberley was wrong to formally ascribe the validation to Gray. The validation of the name was thus attributed to one Thomas Thomson, the editor of the ''Annals'' in 1820, by the IPNI. Mabberley admitted his error in 2017. This Thomson was not the botanist [[:en:Thomas_Thomson_(botanist)|Thomas Thomson]], who was three years old in 1820, but his [[:en:Thomas_Thomson_(chemist)|identically-named father]], a chemist, and ''Rafflesia'' is thus the only botanical taxon this man ever published!
== Deskripsi ==
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