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== Epidemiologi ==
In 2015, 12.5 million new cases worldwide were reported.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|collaboration=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> The disease is most common in India.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Children are most commonly affected.<ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref name="WHO2008" /> Rates of disease decreased in the [[:en:Developed_world|developed world]] in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and use of antibiotics to treat the disease.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Each year in the United States, about 400 cases are reported and the disease occurs in an estimated 6,000 people.<ref name="CDC2013Tech" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B|title=Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=64|issue=11|pages=305–8|date=March 2015|pmid=25811680|pmc=4584884}}</ref> In 2015, it resulted in about 149,000 deaths worldwide – down from 181,000 in 1990 (about 0.3% of the global total).<ref name="GBD2015De">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|collaboration=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref><ref name="GBD204">{{cite journal|vauthors=Abubakar II, Tillmann T, Banerjee A, etal|collaboration=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> The risk of death may be as high as 20% without treatment.<ref name="WHO2008" /> With treatment, it is between 1 and 4%.<ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref name="WHO2008" /> [[:en:Typhus|Typhus]] is a different disease.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cunha BA|title=Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=18|issue=1|pages=111–25|date=March 2004|pmid=15081508|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1}}</ref> However, the name typhoid means "resembling [[:en:Typhus|typhus]]" due to the similarity in symptoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com|title=Oxford English Dictionary (Online)|page=typhoid, adj. and n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/|archive-date=11 January 2008|access-date=28 March 2015|quote=Resembling or characteristic of typhus|url-status=live}}</ref>
Their foodborne transmission, frequently associated with poor hygiene conditions and inadequate sanitation, favors outbreaks in low income countries [5]. Based on the most recent global estimates, ≥21 million incident cases and 222,000 typhoid-related deaths occur annually [6]. Improved sanitation and living conditions, as well as treatment of drinking water, have significantly contributed to decrease the incidence of enteric fever in high income countries (e.g., those located in Western Europe and North America). The Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia show the highest annual incidence of typhoid fever (>100 cases per 100,000 cases annually), followed by Southern Africa (10–100 per 100,000 cases annually) [7,8]. In a recent meta-analysis conducted by Marchello and Colleagues [9], Africa and Asia were identified as high-endemic countries for typhoid fever, although a decreased trend in incidence was documented after 2000. Moreover, in low-resource areas, such as Tanzania, Myanmar, and Republic Democratic of Congo (DRC), S. typhi represents the leading cause of bloodstream infections in young children. In particular,>70% of cases occurred in children <10 years old and ~30% in <5 years old in DRC during 2015–2017. However, in high income countries, typhoid fever is one of the most frequently diagnosed vaccine-preventable diseases in returned international travelers and migrants coming from high incidence countries [10,11].
Tifoid marupokan panyakik nan mudah bapindah pado lingkuang jo sanitasi sarato higienitas buruak, sainggo kasusnyo labiah tinggi di nagara-nagara bakambang. Manuruik laporan WHO pado taun 2018, dipakirokan ado 21 juta kasus sacaro global jo 222.000 kasus kamatian tiok taunnyo. Kondisi lingkuangan jo sanitasi nan samakin rancak mangurangi kasus tifoid di nagara-nagara maju, cando di Eropa Barat jo Amerika Utara. Samantaro di Asia Selatan jo Asia Tenggara manunjuakan paningkekan kasus (>100 kasus per 100.000 kasus), diikuti jo Afrika Selatan (10--100 kasus per 100.000 kasus).
It has been estimated that the incidence rate of typhoid fever in travelers to high-endemic countries is 3–30 cases per 100,000 travelers [12].
A retrospective study carried out in the Netherlands from 1997 to 2014 found that the majority (59.6%) of patients with imported typhoid fever traveled in Asia (e.g., Indonesia (19.8%) and India (19.6%)), and Morocco (13.3%). A declining annual attack rate (i.e., annual incidence of imported cases to number of travelers in a geographical area) for all geographical destinations, with the only exception of India, has been described [13].
== Patogenesis ==
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