Pabedaan antaro revisi dari "Damam tifoid"

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Ardzun (rundiang | jariah)
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{{Sadang karajo}}{{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Damam tifoid|risks=[[Sanitasi]] buruak, higienitas buruak<ref name=Lancet2015/>|frequency=12,5 juta (2015)<ref name=GBD2015Pre/>|medication=|treatment=[[Antibiotik]]<ref name=Lancet2015/>|prevention=[[Vaksin tifoid]], mancuci tangan<ref name=CDC2013/><ref name=Mil2018/>|differential=Panyakik mamindah lainnyo<ref name=CDC2013Tech/>|diagnosis=[[Kultur bakteri]], deteksi DNA <ref name=CDC2013/><ref name=Lancet2015/><ref name=Crump2010/>|causes=[[Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica|''Salmonella enterica'' subsp. enterica]] (tapindah dek makanan atau minuman nan takontaminasi jo [[feces]])<ref name=Lancet2015/><ref name=WHO2008/>|synonyms=Tifoid, tipes|duration=|onset=6–30 ari sasudah tapapar<ref name=Yellow2014/><ref name=CDC2013/>|complications=|symptoms=Damam, sakik paruik, sakik kapalo, ruam merah<ref name=Yellow2014/>|field=[[Panyakik mamindah (spesialisasi medis)|Panyakik mamindah]]|caption=''[[Rose spots]]'' pado dado urang nan takanai damam tifoid|image=Salmonella typhi typhoid fever PHIL 2215 lores.jpg|deaths=149.000 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/>}}'''Damam tifoid''' atau '''tifoid''' (dek urang awam acok basabuik '''tipes''', bedakan jo [[tifus]]) adolah panyakik mamindah nan disababkan dek [[bakteri]] ''Salmonella enterica serovar typhi''.<ref name="Lancet2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wain J, Hendriksen RS, Mikoleit ML, Keddy KH, Ochiai RL|s2cid=2409150|title=Typhoid fever|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9973|pages=1136–45|date=March 2015|pmid=25458731|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7}}</ref> Bakteri ko anyo bakambang pado manusia, sainggo dapek bapindah malalui aia liua atau feses. Pado lingkuang nan kumuah, panyakik ko mudah bapindah utamonyo malalui makanan jo minuman nan indak barasiah. Basamo jo [[damam paratifoid]], nan mampunyoi gejala nan sarupo, tifoid disabuik juo subagai damam enterik (damam usus).<ref name="Lancet2015" />
{{Sadang karajo}}
 
Gejala panyakik ko baragam dari nan ringan sampai nan barek. Bamulo muncua gejala pado ari ka-6 inggo ka-30 (rato-rato 7-14 ari) sasudah tapapar bakteri.<ref name="Yellow2014">{{cite book|first=Anna E.|last=Newton|name-list-format=vanc|title=CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book|date=2014|isbn=9780199948499|chapter-url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever|chapter=3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702125517/http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/typhoid-and-paratyphoid-fever|archive-date=2015-07-02}}</ref><ref name="CDC2013">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html|title=Typhoid Fever|date=May 14, 2013|website=cdc.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606190251/http://www.cdc.gov/typhoid-fever/index.html|archive-date=6 June 2016|access-date=28 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Nan paliang acok ditandoi jo damam tinggi tiok sanjo inggo malam dalam babarapo ari sarato samakin maningkek suhunyo dari ari ka ari. Kudian dapek disaratoi jo lamah badan, sakik paruik, sakik kapalo, jo mual muntah ringan. Bisa juo disaratoi parubahan pola buang aia gadang, sarupo kabobolan (konstipasi) pado urang gadang atau mancoro (diare; jarang, umumnyo pado anak).<ref name="CDC2013" /><ref name="CDC2013Tech">{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/typhoid_fever/technical.html|title=Typhoid Fever|date=May 14, 2013|website=cdc.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402183317/http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/typhoid_fever/technical.html|archive-date=2 April 2015|access-date=28 March 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Pado sabagian urang muncua ruam-ruam sirah cando sirahnyo bungo mawar (''Rose spots'').<ref name="CDC2013" /> Pado kasus nan parah, dapek tajadi paniang ataupun sakik kapalo barek inggo gangguan kasadaran.<ref name="CDC2013Tech" /> Kok indak diubek, kondisi ko dapek batahan salamo bapakan-pakan inggo babulan-bulan. Samantaro kok diubek, dapek cegak dalam etongan ari inggo duo pakan.<ref name="CDC2013" />
'''Damam tifoid''' atau '''tifoid''' (dek urang awam acok basabuik '''tipes''', bedakan jo [[tifus]]) adolah panyakik mamindah nan disababkan dek [[bakteri]] ''Salmonella enterica serovar typhi''. Panyakik ko mampunyoi kamiripan tampilan klinik jo [[damam paratifoid]].
 
== Etiologi ==
The cause is the bacterium ''salmonella enterica'' subsp. enterica serovar Typhi growing in the [[:en:Intestine|intestines]] and [[:en:Blood|blood]].<ref name="CDC2013" /><ref name="CDC2013Tech" /> Typhoid is spread by eating or drinking food or water contaminated with the [[:en:Feces|feces]] of an infected person.<ref name="WHO2008">{{cite journal|vauthors=|title=Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Releve Epidemiologique Hebdomadaire|volume=83|issue=6|pages=49–59|date=February 2008|pmid=18260212|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2008/wer8306.pdf?ua=1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103504/http://www.who.int/wer/2008/wer8306.pdf?ua=1|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Risk factors include poor [[:en:Sanitation|sanitation]] and poor hygiene.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Those who travel in the developing world are also at risk.<ref name="CDC2013Tech" /> Only humans can be infected.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases.<ref name="CDC2013Tech" /> Diagnosis is by either [[:en:Bacterial_culture|culturing the bacteria]] or detecting their [[:en:DNA|DNA]] in the blood, stool, or [[:en:Bone_marrow|bone marrow]].<ref name="CDC2013" /><ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref name="Crump2010">{{cite journal|vauthors=Crump JA, Mintz ED|title=Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=50|issue=2|pages=241–6|date=January 2010|pmid=20014951|pmc=2798017|doi=10.1086/649541}}</ref> Culturing the bacterium can be difficult.<ref name="Hunter2013">{{cite book|first1=Alan J.|last1=Magill|name-list-format=vanc|title=Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases|date=2013|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=London|isbn=9781455740437|pages=568–572|edition=9th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x15umovaD08C&pg=PA568|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228055647/https://books.google.com/books?id=x15umovaD08C&pg=PA568|archive-date=2017-02-28}}</ref> Bone-marrow testing is the most accurate.<ref name="Crump2010" />
 
== Epidemiologi ==
In 2015, 12.5 million new cases worldwide were reported.<ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{cite journal|vauthors=Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, etal|collaboration=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|date=October 2016|pmid=27733282|pmc=5055577|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6}}</ref> The disease is most common in India.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Children are most commonly affected.<ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref name="WHO2008" /> Rates of disease decreased in the [[:en:Developed_world|developed world]] in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and use of antibiotics to treat the disease.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Each year in the United States, about 400 cases are reported and the disease occurs in an estimated 6,000 people.<ref name="CDC2013Tech" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Jackson BR, Iqbal S, Mahon B|title=Updated recommendations for the use of typhoid vaccine--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=64|issue=11|pages=305–8|date=March 2015|pmid=25811680|pmc=4584884}}</ref> In 2015, it resulted in about 149,000 deaths worldwide – down from 181,000 in 1990 (about 0.3% of the global total).<ref name="GBD2015De">{{cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|collaboration=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1}}</ref><ref name="GBD204">{{cite journal|vauthors=Abubakar II, Tillmann T, Banerjee A, etal|collaboration=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}</ref> The risk of death may be as high as 20% without treatment.<ref name="WHO2008" /> With treatment, it is between 1 and 4%.<ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref name="WHO2008" /> [[:en:Typhus|Typhus]] is a different disease.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Cunha BA|title=Osler on typhoid fever: differentiating typhoid from typhus and malaria|journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America|volume=18|issue=1|pages=111–25|date=March 2004|pmid=15081508|doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(03)00094-1}}</ref> However, the name typhoid means "resembling [[:en:Typhus|typhus]]" due to the similarity in symptoms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com|title=Oxford English Dictionary (Online)|page=typhoid, adj. and n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111125659/http://www.oed.com/|archive-date=11 January 2008|access-date=28 March 2015|quote=Resembling or characteristic of typhus|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
== Patogenesis ==
Baris 11 ⟶ 15:
== Diagnosis ==
 
== UbekPananganan ==
 
=== Panagahan ===
A [[:en:Typhoid_vaccine|typhoid vaccine]] can prevent about 40 to 90% of cases during the first two years.<ref name="Mil2018">{{cite journal|vauthors=Milligan R, Paul M, Richardson M, Neuberger A|title=Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=5|pages=CD001261|date=May 2018|pmid=29851031|pmc=6494485|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4}}</ref> The vaccine may have some effect for up to seven years.<ref name="Lancet2015" /> For those at high risk or people traveling to areas where the disease is common, vaccination is recommended.<ref name="WHO2008" /> Other efforts to prevent the disease include providing clean [[:en:Drinking_water|drinking water]], good [[:en:Sanitation|sanitation]], and [[:en:Handwashing|handwashing]].<ref name="CDC2013" /><ref name="WHO2008" /> Until an individual's infection is confirmed as cleared, the individual should not prepare food for others.<ref name="CDC2013" /> The disease is treated with [[:en:Antibiotic|antibiotics]] such as [[:en:Azithromycin|azithromycin]], [[:en:Fluoroquinolones|fluoroquinolones]], or [[:en:Third-generation_cephalosporin|third-generation cephalosporins]].<ref name="Lancet2015" /> Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment of the disease more difficult.<ref name="Lancet2015" /><ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Chatham-Stephens K, Medalla F, Hughes M, Appiah GD, Aubert RD, Caidi H, Angelo KM, Walker AT, Hatley N, Masani S, Nash J, Belko J, Ryan ET, Mintz E, Friedman CR|display-authors=6|title=Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan - United States, 2016-2018|journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report|volume=68|issue=1|pages=11–13|date=January 2019|pmid=30629573|pmc=6342547|doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3}}</ref>
 
== Prognosis ==
 
== Rujuakan ==
{{Reflist}}{{Medis-stub}}
[[Kategori:Panyakik mamindah]]