Pabedaan antaro revisi dari "Kota Semarang"

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== Sijarah ==
 
Mulonyo wilayah Semarang masih sabantuak daerah pasisia nan manjadi muaro dari Kali Garang, Kali Kreo, jo Kali Kripik. Katigo batang aia ko maaliakan banyak endapan tanah nan mambuek dataran pasisia samakin laweh. Latak nan strategis manjadikannyo sabagai labuahan kapa untuak baniago pado maso Mataram Kuno.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=PENTINGNYA PROMOSI GUNA MENINGKATKAN MINAT WISATAWAN WISATA SEJARAH DI KOTA LAMA SEMARANG|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26905/jpp.v1i1.372|journal=Jurnal Pariwisata Pesona|date=2016-06-30|issn=2541-5859|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.26905/jpp.v1i1.372|first=Dewi Hermin|last=Sutanto}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=KOTA KOLONIAL LAMA SEMARANG (Tinjauan Umum Sejarah Perkembangan Arsitektur Kota)|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1055213430|publisher=Institute of Research and Community Outreach - Petra Christian University|date=2005-08-03|oclc=1055213430|last=Purwanto, L.M.F.}}</ref>
 
Pado akhia abaik ka-15, Kyai Pandan Arang (Ki Ageng Pandanaran) dari Kasultanan Demak tibo di daerah Pulo Tirang untuak badakwah. Inyo manaruko kampuang jo sikolah islam. Di siko tampak dek inyo batang-batang pohon asam nan jarang. Dari situlah manjadi asa mulo namo ''Semarang'', dari duo kato [[bahaso Jawa]], yaitu ''asem'' (asam) jo ''arang'' (jarang).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
The history of Semarang goes back to the 9th century, when it was known as Bergota. At the end of the 15th century, an Arab named Kyai Pandan Arang founded a village and an Islamic school in this fishing village. On 2 May 1547, Sultan Hadiwijaya of Pajang Kyai declared Pandan Arang the first bupati (mayor) of Semarang, thus creating Semarang administratively and politically.
 
Samakin lamo wilayah Semarang samakin rami jo bakambang manjadi pusek labuahan kapa jo niago Kasultanan Demak. Rami urang dari lua Jawa, cando urang Cino, Malayu, Arab, Persia, jo Eropa bamukim di siko. Pado pado 2 Mei 1547, Semarang dinaiakkan statusnyo manjadi wilayah nan satingkek jo kota jo bupati partamonyo Ki Agen Pandanaran II.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />[[Berkas:AMH-4658-NA_Map_of_the_fort_at_Samarang.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Pamukiman VOC pado mulonyo di Semarang]]
In 1678, Sunan [[Amangkurat II]] promised to give control of Semarang to the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) as a part of a debt payment. In 1682, the Semarang state was founded by the Dutch colonial power. On 5 October 1705 after years of occupations, Semarang officially became a VOC city when Susuhunan [[Pakubuwono I]] made a deal to give extensive trade rights to the VOC in exchange of wiping out [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]]'s debt. The VOC, and later, the [[Dutch East Indies]] government, established [[tobacco]] plantations in the region and built roads and railroads, making Semarang an important colonial trading centre. {{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
 
ThePado historictaun presence1676, ofSunan aAmangkurat largeII Indo(Sultan (EurasianMataram) communitymaagiah inkontrol thekota areaSemarang ka [[Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie|VOC]] dek pajanjian utang nan disyaraikkan. Pado taun of1705, Semarang issapanuahnyo alsomanjadi reflectedkota bymiliak theVOC factdek aSusuhan creolePakubuwono mixI languageindak calleddapek malunasi utang. Sajak itu, samakin banyak urang Indo (Eurasia) nan tingga di Semarang dan bacampua baua jo urang Jawa inggo tabantuak [[bahaso Javindo]] existed there.<ref>De Gruiter, Miel. "''Javindo, a contact language in pre-war Semarang''". (Peter Bakker & Maarten Mous. Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT. 1994.) pp. 151–159.</ref>
 
VOC nan mulai mangandalikan Semarang mambuek rakyaik indak sanang, sainggo VOC mandirikan benteng untuak malinduangi tampek mukim urang Indo. Benteng dibangun babantuak persegi limo jo ciek pintu di sisi selatan sarato ado limo minaro satiok suduiknyo. Daerah dalam benteng tadiri ateh kampuang Indo, Arab, jo Cino dan disabuik sabagai wilayah kota. [[Gareja Blenduk]] jo kantua pamarintahan manjadi puseknyo. Bangunan-bangunan dibangun jo arsitektur Balando dan taruih diparancak.<ref>Purwanto, L. M. F. (2005). Kota Kolonial Lama Semarang. Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, 33(1), 27-33.</ref><ref name="Pratiwo. 2005">Pratiwo. (2005). The City Planning of Semarang 1900–1970. In F. Colombijn, M. Barwegen, P. Basundoro & J. A. Khusyairi (Eds.), Old City, New City: The History of the Indonesian City Before and After Independence. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.</ref> Di lua benteng adolah pamukiman urang asali.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>Purwanto, L. M. F. (2005). Kota Kolonial Lama Semarang. Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, 33(1), 27-33</ref>
=== Classical Indische Town (1678–1870) ===
[[Berkas:AMH-4658-NA_Map_of_the_fort_at_Samarang.jpg|kiri|jmpl|The early VOC settlement of Semarang with its prominent pentagonal fortress.]]
Pado taun 16768, Sunan Amangkurat II (Sultan Mataram) maagiah kontrol kota Semarang ka Hindia Balando. Hal iko dilakukan subagai pambayia utang.
 
Pado maso Parang Jawa, pambangunan kota indak sadareh sabalunnyo. Banyak lahan nan diubah manjadi sawah. Pusek-pusek padok pun bapindah ka sapanjang aliran sungai nan manjadi pasa dan tampek basobok urang dari baragam asa.<ref name="Nas, P. J. M. 2002">Nas, P. J. M., & Pratiwo. (2002). Java and De Groote Postweg, La Grande Route, the Great Mail Road, Jalan Raya Pos’. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 158(4), 707–725.</ref>[[Berkas:Coat_of_Arms_of_Semarang_(1827).svg|kiri|jmpl|167x167px|Lambang kota Semarang di maso Kolonial Balando taun 1827.]]Pado 1847, dibuek jalan gadang ateh parintah [[Jendral Daendels]]. Jalan gadang ko maubungkan sadoalah kota di pasisia utara Jawa, tamasuak Semarang.<ref name="Colombijn, F. 2002">Colombijn, F. (2002). Introduction; On the road. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 158(4), 595-617.</ref> Kudian dilanjuikkan jo proyek kareta api dek Balando nan maubuangkan Semarang jo daerah lainnyo pado akhia abaik ka-19.<ref name="Nas, P. J. M. 2002" /> Orientasi padok urang urban pun barubah, dari sungai manjadi jalan.<ref name="Colombijn, F. 2002" /> Daerah urban taruih bakambang sairiang panduduak makin rami dan padek sarato tataruko kampuang-kampuang baru.<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" />
Semarang was handed by the Sultan of Mataram to the Dutch East Indies in 1678. The city was pictured as a small settlement with a pious Muslim area called ''Kauman'', a Chinese quarter, and a Dutch fortress. The fortress has a pentagonal form with only one gate in the south and five monitoring towers to protect the Dutch settlement from rebellion actions, segregating the spaces between Dutch settlement and other areas.<ref>Purwanto, L. M. F. (2005). Kota Kolonial Lama Semarang. Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, 33(1), 27-33</ref> In fact, the city of Semarang was only referred to the Dutch quarter while the other ethnic settlement were considered as villages outside the city boundary. The city, known as de Europeesche Buurt, was built in classical European style with church located in the centre, wide boulevards, streets and villas.<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005">Pratiwo. (2005). The City Planning of Semarang 1900–1970. In F. Colombijn, M. Barwegen, P. Basundoro & J. A. Khusyairi (Eds.), Old City, New City: The History of the Indonesian City Before and After Independence. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.</ref> According to Purwanto (2005),<ref>Purwanto, L. M. F. (2005). Kota Kolonial Lama Semarang. Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, 33(1), 27-33.</ref> the urban and architectural form of this settlement is very similar to the design principles applied in many Dutch cities, which begun to concern on the urban beautification.
 
Pado mulo abaik ka-20, tajadi wabah [[kolera]] jo [[tuberkulosis]] dek padeknyo kota jo kurangnyo higienitas kota. Pamarintah kudian mamparancak kota jo manyadiokan toilet umum, mamparancak drainase, sarato parencanaan pamukiman.<ref>Silver, C. (2008). Planning the megacity: Jakarta in the twentieth century: Psychology Press.</ref><ref name="Cobban, J. L. 1993">Cobban, J. L. (1993). Public Housing in Colonial Indonesia 1900–1940. Modern Asian Studies, 27(04), 871-896.</ref>
Due to the long and costly Java War, there was not much funding from the Dutch East Indies government, which affected Semarang's development. The majority of land was used for rice fields and the only small improvement was the development of a surrounding fortress. Although less developed, Semarang has a fairly arranged city system, in which urban activities were concentrated along the river and the settlement was linked to a market where different ethnic groups met to trade. The existence of the market, in the later years, become a primary element and a generator of urban economic growth.<ref name="Nas, P. J. M. 2002">Nas, P. J. M., & Pratiwo. (2002). Java and De Groote Postweg, La Grande Route, the Great Mail Road, Jalan Raya Pos’. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 158(4), 707–725.</ref>
 
Pado 1917, konsep pamukiman sihaik dibuek di Candi Baru, Semarang Selatan. Konsepnyo dibuek jo mambagi pamukiman manuruik etnik sarato kelas sosial ekonominyo. Pamukiman tabagi-bagi tasabuik tatap saliang taubuang jo jalan, sarato fasilitas sanitasi, kasihatan, jo olahraga nan dapek dipakai umum. Manjalang 1919, ditambah tigo pamukiman lain jo konsep iko inggo dapek manampuang 55% paningkatan populasi di Semarang.<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" /><ref name="Cote, J. 2004">Cote, J. (2004). Colonial designs: Thomas Karsten and the planning of urban Indonesia. Imprint, 2004, 01-01.</ref><gallery>
An important influence on urban growth was the Great Mail Road project in the 1847, which connected all the cities in the northern coast of Central and East Java and positioned Semarang as the trade centre of agricultural production.<ref name="Colombijn, F. 2002">Colombijn, F. (2002). Introduction; On the road. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 158(4), 595-617.</ref> The project was soon followed by the development of the Netherlands Indies railway and the connecting roads into the inner city of Semarang at the end of 19th century.<ref name="Nas, P. J. M. 2002" /> Colombijn (2002)<ref name="Colombijn, F. 2002" /> marked the development as the shift of urban functions, from the former river orientation to all services facing the roads.
FileBerkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het hoofdkantoor van de Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS) in Semarang TMnr 10032316.jpg|Kantua pusek [[Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij|NIS]] company head office (GedungGaduang [[Lawang Sewu]]), Semarang, [[Dutch East Indies]].
 
FileBerkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Chinees huis in Semarang TMnr 60022048.jpg|ARumah Chineseurang houseCino indi Semarang at the turn of the 20thabaik centuryka-20.
=== The modern city (1870–1922) ===
FileBerkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Luchtfoto van Semarang rechtsboven N.I.S. station TMnr 10014760.jpg|AerialFoto pictureKota of OldLamo Semarang areadari langik inpado 1920s1920-an.
[[Berkas:Coat_of_Arms_of_Semarang_(1827).svg|kiri|jmpl|167x167px|Coat of Arms of Semarang during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1827.]]
FileBerkas:Locomotive and Teak Table in front of Lawang Sewu building, Semarang.jpg|OldLokomotif [[0-6-0]] locomotivetuo nextdi tosabalah theGaduang [[Lawang Sewu]] building.
Improved communication, the result of the Mail and Railway projects, brought an economic boom to the city in the 1870s. There were hospitals, churches, hotels, and large houses built along new main roads; ''Bojongscheweg'', ''Pontjolscheweg'', and Mataram street, densified population in the ethnic settlements and created the urban kampong (village).<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" />
 
Urban growth densified the urban kampong, reaching 1,000 inhabitants per hectare and degrading the quality of living conditions.<ref name="Cobban, J. L. 1993">Cobban, J. L. (1993). Public Housing in Colonial Indonesia 1900–1940. Modern Asian Studies, 27(04), 871-896.</ref> In the early 20th century, mortality rate were high due to the overcrowding and lack of hygiene that triggered cholera and tuberculosis outbreaks.<ref>Silver, C. (2008). Planning the megacity: Jakarta in the twentieth century: Psychology Press.</ref> Cobban (1993)<ref name="Cobban, J. L. 1993" /> noted the ethical movement of kampongverbetering led by Henry Tillema in 1913 and the concern of the Advisor for Decentralisation for kampong improvement through the betterment of public toilets, drainage, and the planning of public housing.
 
In 1917, a healthy housing project was implemented in the Southern part of Semarang called Candi Baru. Thomas Karsten, the advisor for city planning, transformed the concept of ethnic segregation that divided previous urban settlements into a new housing district plan based on economic classes. Although practically the three ethnic groups were also divided into three economic classes where the Dutch and rich Chinese occupied the largest lots in the housing district,<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" /> Karsten had effectively emerged the developed district by integrating the road network, introducing newly improved public washing and bathing, squares and sporting facilities that could be used communally.<ref name="Cote, J. 2004">Cote, J. (2004). Colonial designs: Thomas Karsten and the planning of urban Indonesia. Imprint, 2004, 01-01.</ref> Following the Candi Baru, there were three other housing plans between 1916–1919 to accommodate a 55% population increase in Semarang; 45,000 Javanese, 8500 Chinese and 7000 Europeans. Karsten marked a new approach to town planning with emphasis on the aesthetic, practical and social requirements, articulated not in terms of race but economic zones.<ref name="Cote, J. 2004" />
 
Driven by economic growth and spatial city planning, the city had doubled in size and expanded to the south by the 1920s, creating a nucleus of a metropolis where multi-ethnic groups lived and traded in the city. The villages in the suburbs such as Jomblang and Jatingaleh steadily became the satellite towns of Semarang, more populated with a bigger market area. Before the invasion of Japan in 1942, Semarang had already become the capital of Central Java Province, as the result of trade and industrial success and spatial planning.<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" /><gallery>
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het hoofdkantoor van de Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS) in Semarang TMnr 10032316.jpg|[[Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij|NIS]] company head office (Gedung [[Lawang Sewu]]), Semarang, [[Dutch East Indies]].
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Chinees huis in Semarang TMnr 60022048.jpg|A Chinese house in Semarang at the turn of the 20th century.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Luchtfoto van Semarang rechtsboven N.I.S. station TMnr 10014760.jpg|Aerial picture of Old Semarang area in 1920s.
File:Locomotive and Teak Table in front of Lawang Sewu building, Semarang.jpg|Old [[0-6-0]] locomotive next to the [[Lawang Sewu]] building.
</gallery>
 
=== Japanese occupation and early independence ===
Pado taun 1942, Semarang diduduaki Tantara Japang. Sangkek itu, Semarang dipimpin gubernur militer jo duo wakil gubernur militer. Salah satu wakilnyo adolah urang satampek. Sasudah Indonesia mardeka, Semarang juo manjadi tampek parang Tantara Indonesa malawan Japang pado Oktober 1945. Kudian kota ko juo dijadikan ibu kota Provinsi [[Jawa Tengah]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukhti|first1=M. F.|title=Orang Semarang Melawan Jepang|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/orang-semarang-melawan-jepang-vxGqJ|accessdate=10 June 2019|work=Historia|date=19 October 2017|language=id}}</ref>
The [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] military occupied the city, along with the rest of Java, in 1942, during the [[Pacific War]] of [[World War II]]. During that time, Semarang was headed by a military governor called a Shiko, and two vice governors known as Fuku Shiko. One of the vice governors was appointed from [[Japan]], and the other was chosen from the local population. {{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
 
After [[Indonesian independence]] in 1945, Semarang became the site of a [[Battle of Semarang|battle]] between Indonesian and Japanese soldiers in October 1945.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukhti|first1=M. F.|title=Orang Semarang Melawan Jepang|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/orang-semarang-melawan-jepang-vxGqJ|accessdate=10 June 2019|work=Historia|date=19 October 2017|language=id}}</ref> It also became the capital of [[Central Java]] province.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
 
== Rujuakan ==