Pabedaan antaro revisi dari "Kota Semarang"
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Barih 1:
{{Sadang karajo}}{{Tajamah}}{{Ibukota provinsi
|namo = Kota Semarang
|namo_lain={{jav|ꦏꦸꦛꦱꦼꦩꦫꦁ}}<br>{{sub|Kutha Semarang}}<br>''Venetië van Java''<br />''Kota [[Lumpia Semarang|Lumpia]]''
Barih 54:
Daulunyo, kota ko manjadi kota palabuahan utamo dek [[Hindia-Balando|Hindia Balando]] untuak wilayah pasisia utara Jawa bagian tangah. Kini kota ko ditatapkan sabagai kota tujuan raun nan paliang barasiah di [[Asia Tenggara|Asia Tenggara m]]<nowiki/>anuruik ''ASEAN Clean Tourist City Standard'' (ACTCS) untuak taun 2020 inggo 2022.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/01/20/semarang-named-cleanest-tourist-destination-in-southeast-asia.html?|title=Semarang named cleanest tourist destination in Southeast Asia|newspaper=The Jakarta Post|accessdate=20 January 2020}}</ref>
== Sijarah ==
The history of Semarang goes back to the 9th century, when it was known as Bergota. At the end of the 15th century, an Arab named Kyai Pandan Arang founded a village and an Islamic school in this fishing village. On 2 May 1547, Sultan Hadiwijaya of Pajang Kyai declared Pandan Arang the first bupati (mayor) of Semarang, thus creating Semarang administratively and politically.
In 1678, Sunan [[Amangkurat II]] promised to give control of Semarang to the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) as a part of a debt payment. In 1682, the Semarang state was founded by the Dutch colonial power. On 5 October 1705 after years of occupations, Semarang officially became a VOC city when Susuhunan [[Pakubuwono I]] made a deal to give extensive trade rights to the VOC in exchange of wiping out [[Mataram Sultanate|Mataram]]'s debt. The VOC, and later, the [[Dutch East Indies]] government, established [[tobacco]] plantations in the region and built roads and railroads, making Semarang an important colonial trading centre. {{citation needed|date=September 2014}}
The historic presence of a large Indo (Eurasian) community in the area of Semarang is also reflected by the fact a creole mix language called [[Javindo]] existed there.<ref>De Gruiter, Miel. "''Javindo, a contact language in pre-war Semarang''". (Peter Bakker & Maarten Mous. Mixed Languages: 15 Case Studies in Language Intertwining. Amsterdam: IFOTT. 1994.) pp. 151–159.</ref>
=== Classical Indische Town (1678–1870) ===
[[Berkas:AMH-4658-NA_Map_of_the_fort_at_Samarang.jpg|kiri|jmpl|The early VOC settlement of Semarang with its prominent pentagonal fortress.]]
Pado taun 16768, Sunan Amangkurat II (Sultan Mataram) maagiah kontrol kota Semarang ka Hindia Balando. Hal iko dilakukan subagai pambayia utang.
Semarang was handed by the Sultan of Mataram to the Dutch East Indies in 1678. The city was pictured as a small settlement with a pious Muslim area called ''Kauman'', a Chinese quarter, and a Dutch fortress. The fortress has a pentagonal form with only one gate in the south and five monitoring towers to protect the Dutch settlement from rebellion actions, segregating the spaces between Dutch settlement and other areas.<ref>Purwanto, L. M. F. (2005). Kota Kolonial Lama Semarang. Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, 33(1), 27-33</ref> In fact, the city of Semarang was only referred to the Dutch quarter while the other ethnic settlement were considered as villages outside the city boundary. The city, known as de Europeesche Buurt, was built in classical European style with church located in the centre, wide boulevards, streets and villas.<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005">Pratiwo. (2005). The City Planning of Semarang 1900–1970. In F. Colombijn, M. Barwegen, P. Basundoro & J. A. Khusyairi (Eds.), Old City, New City: The History of the Indonesian City Before and After Independence. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak.</ref> According to Purwanto (2005),<ref>Purwanto, L. M. F. (2005). Kota Kolonial Lama Semarang. Dimensi Teknik Arsitektur, 33(1), 27-33.</ref> the urban and architectural form of this settlement is very similar to the design principles applied in many Dutch cities, which begun to concern on the urban beautification.
Due to the long and costly Java War, there was not much funding from the Dutch East Indies government, which affected Semarang's development. The majority of land was used for rice fields and the only small improvement was the development of a surrounding fortress. Although less developed, Semarang has a fairly arranged city system, in which urban activities were concentrated along the river and the settlement was linked to a market where different ethnic groups met to trade. The existence of the market, in the later years, become a primary element and a generator of urban economic growth.<ref name="Nas, P. J. M. 2002">Nas, P. J. M., & Pratiwo. (2002). Java and De Groote Postweg, La Grande Route, the Great Mail Road, Jalan Raya Pos’. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 158(4), 707–725.</ref>
An important influence on urban growth was the Great Mail Road project in the 1847, which connected all the cities in the northern coast of Central and East Java and positioned Semarang as the trade centre of agricultural production.<ref name="Colombijn, F. 2002">Colombijn, F. (2002). Introduction; On the road. Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, 158(4), 595-617.</ref> The project was soon followed by the development of the Netherlands Indies railway and the connecting roads into the inner city of Semarang at the end of 19th century.<ref name="Nas, P. J. M. 2002" /> Colombijn (2002)<ref name="Colombijn, F. 2002" /> marked the development as the shift of urban functions, from the former river orientation to all services facing the roads.
=== The modern city (1870–1922) ===
[[Berkas:Coat_of_Arms_of_Semarang_(1827).svg|kiri|jmpl|167x167px|Coat of Arms of Semarang during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1827.]]
Improved communication, the result of the Mail and Railway projects, brought an economic boom to the city in the 1870s. There were hospitals, churches, hotels, and large houses built along new main roads; ''Bojongscheweg'', ''Pontjolscheweg'', and Mataram street, densified population in the ethnic settlements and created the urban kampong (village).<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" />
Urban growth densified the urban kampong, reaching 1,000 inhabitants per hectare and degrading the quality of living conditions.<ref name="Cobban, J. L. 1993">Cobban, J. L. (1993). Public Housing in Colonial Indonesia 1900–1940. Modern Asian Studies, 27(04), 871-896.</ref> In the early 20th century, mortality rate were high due to the overcrowding and lack of hygiene that triggered cholera and tuberculosis outbreaks.<ref>Silver, C. (2008). Planning the megacity: Jakarta in the twentieth century: Psychology Press.</ref> Cobban (1993)<ref name="Cobban, J. L. 1993" /> noted the ethical movement of kampongverbetering led by Henry Tillema in 1913 and the concern of the Advisor for Decentralisation for kampong improvement through the betterment of public toilets, drainage, and the planning of public housing.
In 1917, a healthy housing project was implemented in the Southern part of Semarang called Candi Baru. Thomas Karsten, the advisor for city planning, transformed the concept of ethnic segregation that divided previous urban settlements into a new housing district plan based on economic classes. Although practically the three ethnic groups were also divided into three economic classes where the Dutch and rich Chinese occupied the largest lots in the housing district,<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" /> Karsten had effectively emerged the developed district by integrating the road network, introducing newly improved public washing and bathing, squares and sporting facilities that could be used communally.<ref name="Cote, J. 2004">Cote, J. (2004). Colonial designs: Thomas Karsten and the planning of urban Indonesia. Imprint, 2004, 01-01.</ref> Following the Candi Baru, there were three other housing plans between 1916–1919 to accommodate a 55% population increase in Semarang; 45,000 Javanese, 8500 Chinese and 7000 Europeans. Karsten marked a new approach to town planning with emphasis on the aesthetic, practical and social requirements, articulated not in terms of race but economic zones.<ref name="Cote, J. 2004" />
Driven by economic growth and spatial city planning, the city had doubled in size and expanded to the south by the 1920s, creating a nucleus of a metropolis where multi-ethnic groups lived and traded in the city. The villages in the suburbs such as Jomblang and Jatingaleh steadily became the satellite towns of Semarang, more populated with a bigger market area. Before the invasion of Japan in 1942, Semarang had already become the capital of Central Java Province, as the result of trade and industrial success and spatial planning.<ref name="Pratiwo. 2005" /><gallery>
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Het hoofdkantoor van de Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NIS) in Semarang TMnr 10032316.jpg|[[Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij|NIS]] company head office (Gedung [[Lawang Sewu]]), Semarang, [[Dutch East Indies]].
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Chinees huis in Semarang TMnr 60022048.jpg|A Chinese house in Semarang at the turn of the 20th century.
File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Luchtfoto van Semarang rechtsboven N.I.S. station TMnr 10014760.jpg|Aerial picture of Old Semarang area in 1920s.
File:Locomotive and Teak Table in front of Lawang Sewu building, Semarang.jpg|Old [[0-6-0]] locomotive next to the [[Lawang Sewu]] building.
</gallery>
=== Japanese occupation and early independence ===
The [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] military occupied the city, along with the rest of Java, in 1942, during the [[Pacific War]] of [[World War II]]. During that time, Semarang was headed by a military governor called a Shiko, and two vice governors known as Fuku Shiko. One of the vice governors was appointed from [[Japan]], and the other was chosen from the local population. {{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
After [[Indonesian independence]] in 1945, Semarang became the site of a [[Battle of Semarang|battle]] between Indonesian and Japanese soldiers in October 1945.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukhti|first1=M. F.|title=Orang Semarang Melawan Jepang|url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/orang-semarang-melawan-jepang-vxGqJ|accessdate=10 June 2019|work=Historia|date=19 October 2017|language=id}}</ref> It also became the capital of [[Central Java]] province.{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
== Rujuakan ==
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